Kodi khofi yapangidwa ndi chiyani? Kodi amapanga khofi kuti? Kupanga khofi yamphindi

Mosiyana ndi tiyi, yomwe imabzalidwa kuchokera ku mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zitsamba (zitsamba, maluwa kapena zipatso), khofi imapangidwa kuchokera ku mbewu za mitengo ya azimayi (Rubiaceae). Koma ngakhale kuti anali ochepa kwambiri, obereketsa anabweretsa mitundu yambiri yakumwa kwabwino, kokondweretsa m'mawa. Mbiri ya zomwe anapeza ikuphatikizapo nthano. Njira yomwe anapanga kuchokera ku Ethiopia kupita ku matebulo a mikaka ya ku Ulaya inali yaitali ndipo inali yoopsa. Tiyeni tiwone kuti khofi ndi yotani, ndipo ndi njira iti yamakono yomwe njere zofiira zimadutsa kuti zikhale zakumwa zakuda zonunkhira ndi thovu lokongola.

Luso lopangidwa

Nthano imanena zotsatirazi. Kaldi wina, yemwe anali mbusa wa ku Ethiopia, anazindikira kuti mbuzi zake, atadya masamba ndi zipatso zofiira kwambiri za khofi, zikhale zolimba ndi kupirira. Anauza za mbeu ku bwana wa abambo, omwe adafuna kuyesa nkhumba pa amonke, ndikukakamiza iwo kuti azifunafuna zipatso zowawa usiku usanafike. Pambuyo pake amonkewa adaphunzira kuti aziuma ndi kuuma mbewu, kuti amwe madziwo. Icho chinali cha pakati pa zaka za zana la 9. Choncho anayamba kulima mtengo wamtengo wapatali. Koma kwa nthawi yaitali palibe munthu wina kunja kwa Ethiopia amene adadziwa kuti khofi yapangidwira.

Nkhani yoona

Kwa nthawi yayitali zipatso zobiriwira zimangotchedwa, kupeza malipiro a vivacity kwa iwo. Kenako ku Yemen anaphunzira kumwa zakumwa zobiriwira zouma. "Kishr" kapena "keshir" amatchedwanso "khofi yoyera". Anapangidwa ndi nkhwangwa. Njira yosakaniza zipatso za mafuta ndi mafuta a nyama zinali zofala. Mkaka wawung'ono unaphatikizidwira ku misa, yokulungira mipira, yomwe inkatengedwa pamsewu kukweza mawu ndi kubwezeretsa mphamvu. Mwa njira, khofi (yaiwisi) khofi imatentha kwambiri mafuta owonjezera. Ndipo tsopano likugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi zowonjezera zowonjezereka mu dietetics kuti zisawonongeke. Ndi khofi iti yobiriwira - tirigu wofiira amapangidwa - anali okazinga. Atatha kupatsidwa chithandizo cha kutentha, zipatsozo zinamasula kununkhira kwawo ndi kukoma kwake, zinayamwa bwino. Mpweya wotere wa Arabu unadzaza ndi madzi ndipo unabweretsedwa ku chithupsa. Kumwa popanda shuga, kuwonjezera pa izo zonunkhira zosiyanasiyana (ginger, cardamom, sinamoni). Koma mpaka m'zaka za m'ma 1700 Arabiya adasungira khofi.

Kuponderezedwa kwapambana pa dziko lapansi

Kuchokera ku mbiri yakale ya Turkey kumadziwika pamene choyamba choyambirira chakumwa chakumwa chinatsegulidwa. Istanbul "Kiva Khan" inatsegula zitseko zake kwa ogula mu 1475. Komanso likulu la Ufumu wa Ottoman ndilo lingaliro la nyumba za khofi za anthu: woyamba mwa iwo anatsegulidwa mu 1564. Ku Ulaya, mbewuzo zinabweretsedwa ndi amalonda a ku Italiya, kuzigula m'matope a Turkey. Koma chakumwa sichinali chotchuka kwambiri, chifukwa iwo ankachigwiritsa ntchito, kukopera Aarabu, popanda shuga. Chilichonse chinasintha mu 1683 ndi kuzungulira kwina kwa Vienna ndi a ku Turkey. Yuri-Franz Kulchitsky wa ku Ukraine, dzina lake Cossack, anatsogolera asilikali a Allied kuti akazungulire ndipo anathandiza kuti anthu a ku Turkey asamuke. Pozindikira kuti Zaporozhye adadziwika ngati nzika ya ku Vienna ndipo adampatsa katundu wotsalira ndi adani - matumba 300 a tirigu wofiira. Kulchitsky sankadziwa pang'ono za khofi yopangidwa, amayenera kuti apange Viennese akumwa mowa. Choncho, katswiri wa Cossack akuonanso kuti ndi amene anayambitsa malonda. Anaganiza kuti awonjezere shuga ndi mkaka kuti amwe. Kupititsa patsogolo kwake koyamba kumagwirizana ndi bagel, yomwe munthu aliyense ankaganiza kuti ndifunikira kudya (ndi kapu, ndithudi) kukumbukira kupambana kwa anthu a ku Turkey. Kulchitsky anatsegula shopu yake ya khofi ku Vienna mu 1684. Zaka zingapo, bungwe lofanana ndilo linapangidwa ku Paris - mwiniwake wa Le café Procope anali Pascal mwiniwake. France - njira yovomerezeka ya mafashoni - ikhofi yowonongeka yopambana padziko lonse.

Kukula kwa mitengo yambiri

Ngakhale kuti chiwerengero cha khofi cha ku Ulaya chinapangika, ulimi wa khofi wa padziko lonse unangokhala ku North Africa. Koma amwendamnjira a dziko lachisilamu adatumizidwa ku Mecca, osati Hajj. Mu XVII mmodzi woyenda kumeneko mwamseri anatulutsa mtengo wa khofi ku India. Pafupifupi nthawi yomweyo amalonda a ku Dutch anabweretsa chomera kuzilumba za Java ndi Sumatra. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la 18, a French anayesa kufesa minda ya khofi pachilumba cha Bourbon (masiku ano a Reunion). Kotero kuti anthu okhawo a Arabu sanali ochepa chabe. Zinaoneka kuti kukoma kwa khofi kumasiyana ndi dera la kukula kwa mitengo. Panali mitundu yambiri ya "Arabica bourbon" (kuchokera pachilumba cha eponymous), Blue Mountain (kuchokera kumapiri a mapiri a Jamaica) ndi ena.

Kodi khofi amachita chiyani?

Banja la mitengo yamitengo Rubiaceae lili ndi mitundu yoposa makumi asanu ndi anai. Koma awiri okha amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu makampani. Ichi Coffea arabica ndi Coffea canephora. Mitundu yachiwiri imatchedwa kumwa molimba kapena ku Congo. Kupanga khofi padziko lapansi kumachokera ku arabica. Mtundu uwu umakhala pafupifupi 69 peresenti ya zonse zotuluka. Arabica ndi yosangalatsa m'zinthu zonse: kununkhira, kulawa, mphutsi yakutali. Mbewu zapakati zimakhala ndi mzere wozungulira mu mawonekedwe a chilembo S. Koma robusta ili ndi caffeine yochulukirapo, choncho imapatsa mphamvu. Mitengo ya mitundu iyi imakula, mosiyana ndi arabica, pamtunda wa mamita 600, iwo ndi odzichepetsa komanso osagonjetsedwa ndi tizirombo. Mitundu iyi ikukula mofulumira ndi pafupifupi 29 peresenti ya ulimi wa khofi. Mafuta awiri otsalawa ndi okwera mtengo kwambiri kuti akhale mankhwala ambiri. Choncho, kalasi ya "Kopi Luvak" iyenera kusoweka kudzera m'matumbo ake a m'mimba ndi kanjedza ya nyama. Pafupifupi njira yomweyi yamakono amapanga mbewu za "Monkey Coffee" zosiyanasiyana.

Kodi amapanga khofi kuti?

Pankhaniyi, m'pofunika kusiyanitsa pakati pa mayiko omwe amamera mitengo ndi kukolola mbewu, ndipo amati mbeu zimakhala zovuta kwambiri kuchokera pakukaka ndi kupaka. Pambuyo pake, kukoma ndi kununkhira kwa zakumwa kumadalira kwambiri momwe mbewuzo zinakonzerekera: kusakaniza melange yabwino, kubweretsedwa ku digiti yofunikira ya calcination, kumapanga zonse kuti zikhale zotetezeka kwambiri. Nkhumba zakula m'mayiko oposa 60 a m'madera otentha ndi otentha. Mtsogoleri wodziwika kwambiri pakuphika khofi ndi Brazil. Zimakhala pafupifupi 40 peresenti ya zonsezi. M'mayiko akutumiza, mbewu zimatsukidwa ndi zipolopolo zachilengedwe komanso zouma. Zimatengedwa ndi zobiriwira - zofiira - mawonekedwe.

Pafupi ndi wogula

Pazaka zambiri, asayansi ambiri akugwiritsa ntchito momwe angapangire mankhwalawa mofulumira komanso mosavuta kukonzekera. Izi ndi zodabwitsa zambiri kwa opanga khofi: pambuyo pake, njira yokonzekera zakumwa kwa iwo ndi ntchito yopatulika. Komabe, ngati muthamangira kukagwira ntchito, nkofunika kupeza zotsatira mwamsanga. Ndipotu, mungapange bwanji khofi mwamsanga? Ingotsanulira ufa ndi madzi otentha. Amene amakonda khofi lokoma, asanawonjezere madzi kutsanulira mu kapu ya shuga. Ndiyeno mukhoza kutsanulira kirimu kapena mkaka pang'ono. Kafi ya Instant inatulutsidwa kutali ndi 1899. Linapangidwa ndi Max Morgenthaler, katswiri wa zamagetsi ku Switzerland. Kuchokera apo, zaka zoposa zana zidutsa, ndipo panthawiyi kupanga kofi yamphindi sikunayime. Asayansi akhala akugwira ntchito mwakhama kuti awononge kukoma kwa zakumwa, zomwe zimapezeka kuchokera ku ufa wa mankhwala, kwa chirengedwe, zochokera ku mbewu zakuda.

Caffeine blockade

Akatswiri asayansi akhala atatsimikiza kuti chinthu chomwe chimayambitsa zakumwa zozizwitsa komanso "kudzutsa" chakumwa kodabwitsa. Ichi ndi mndandanda wa purine alkaloids, yomwe, mwa njira, ngati mumamwa mowa nthawi zambiri, thupi limakula. Caffeine, theophylline ndi theobromine nawonso amachititsa kuti asayambe kugona komanso akudumpha m'magazi. Choncho, asayansi anafufuza kafukufuku pofuna kuchepetsa zotsatira zolakwika za zakumwa pa thupi. Mwa ichi adathandizira mlandu. Pamene ngalawayo yomwe inkanyamula khofi ku Ulaya inagwa mkuntho. Chifukwa cha dzenje laling'ono, madzi a m'nyanjamo adalowa mumsasa ndikusakaniza katunduyo. Mwiniyo sanafune kuleka mosavuta ndipo anatenga katswiri kwa katswiri wamakina wa ku Germany Ludwig Rosemus. Anayang'ana tirigu ndipo anadabwa pozindikira kuti zakumwazo sizinathenso kuyamwa komanso zimakhala zonunkhira, koma ... zonsezi zinatayika zosakaniza zosafunika. Tsopano mukuganiza kuti mungapange bwanji khofi ya decaffeinated. Rosemus atapatsidwa chilolezo ku United States, mbewu zoterezi zinali zofala padziko lonse lapansi.

Kafi ku Russia

Khofi ku Ukraine inadziŵika patatha nthaŵi yaitali nkhondoyi itagonjetsedwa ndi Turkey. Koma iye anayamba kuloŵa mu Russia kokha pansi pa ulamuliro wa Alexei Mikhailovich. Komabe, idagwiritsidwa ntchito pokhapokha ngati chisakanizo chowawa cha migraine ndi matenda ena. Petro ine mwachibadwa ndinayesera mwadala kudziwitsa "kumwa kofia" pabwalo lake. Monga akatswiri a mbiri yakale amatsimikizira, mfumuyo "inabweretsa ana ake pafupi ndi Ulaya" mwa kukakamiza ndevu zawo ndi kuwapangitsa "kuwawidwa mtima". Mu 1703 nyumba yoyamba ya khofi inatsegulidwa ku St. Petersburg. Koma mafashoni a zakumwa - makamaka m'magulu apamwamba - adayambitsidwa ndi Mkazi Elizabeth. Iye sanangotentha kofi zambiri, koma anapanganso zodzoladzola kuchokera mmenemo.

Kupanga khofi ku Russia ndibwino kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, ku Tver kuyambira 2011 chomera champhamvu cha Paulig chikugwira ntchito. Kumeneku, ulimi wa tirigu wochokera ku South ndi Central America ndi India watsirizidwa. Choyamba, zipangizozi zimapatula kusankha ndi kusakaniza. Kenaka zipatso zobiriwira zimakhala zokazinga mosiyana, zimatumizidwa pogaya ndi kupukuta.

Kukuwotcha

Chabwino, potsirizira, tiyeni tiwone momwe tingapangire zakumwa zokoma. Ndisankha khofi iti? Zimadalira komwe mukakonzekera zakumwa - mu chikhalidwe dzhezve, geyser kapena fyuluta makina, espresso kapena makina a French. Kuchokera mu njirayi imadalira kubirira ndi kukupera. Pali madera anayi omwe amatha kutentha mbewu. Kuwotcha kwa Scandinavia ndikofooka kwambiri. Mbewuzo zimakhalabe zobiriwira. Wamphamvu kwambiri - Vienna, Chifalansa ndi Chiitaliya. Kukuwotcha kwa Scandinavia kumagwiritsidwa ntchito kupangira zakumwa mu nyuzipepala ya ku France (botolo lapadera, pomwe choponderetsa chimasiyanitsa chotsitsa). Mbewu zakuda, zakuda "zaku Italy" zimapangidwira makina a espresso.

Kuwaza

Mitengoyi ndi yabwino kwambiri, makamaka akamapereka fungo lawo. Ngati mukupanga khofi mu jezve (dzina lina la mbale iyi ndi Turk), mumayenera kugaya tirigu bwino kwambiri, mu fumbi. Kuphwanyidwa kwa tirigu kumaphatikizapo makina osindikizira a ku France kapena fyuluta yopanga khofi. Ndi bwino kugula mbewu zokazinga. Ndipotu, mosasamala kanthu kuti mumasunga bwanji fungo la pansi, limatulutsa fungo lake lodabwitsa patapita kanthawi. Pofuna kukonzekera chakumwa chokoma, fungo limene lidzasokoneza mimba ya anthu a m'banja mwanu, komanso anansi anu, kugaya mbewu nthawi yomweyo musanamwe.

Kodi pali khofi yabwino yomweyo?

Zonsezi ziri ndi mbewu zachilengedwe. Koma nanga bwanji poda yabwino? Kodi zingakwaniritse zofuna zapamwamba za kulawa ndi fungo? Kwa nthawi yayitali anthu omwe amamwa mowa amavomereza kuti "ayi". Mfundo ndi yakuti ufa unkapezeka m'njira ziwiri. Yoyamba ndi yotentha kwambiri, yomwe imatchedwanso njira yopopera mbewu. Mbewu zapamtunda zinkaperekedwa kwa maola anayi ndi madzi otentha pansi pa zovuta za pafupifupi khumi ndi zisanu zam'mlengalenga. Kenaka khofi yachilengedweyi idasindikizidwa ndi zouma ndi mpweya wotentha. Anapeza zakumwa zotchuka zaperserz. Njira yatsopano ya "kugonjera malire" ndi kuti khofi yatha yomaliza ndi yozizira, ayeziwo akuphwanyika. Kenaka mudutse mumsewu wapadera, pamene chisanu chimasintha, kudutsa chimbudzi. Njira iyi ikukuthandizani kusungirako makhalidwe onse a kofi ya chilengedwe.