Kodi smerd ndi yotani ndiyymology ya mawu ndi mbiri ya ntchito yake

Kumbukirani malemba omwe adatchulidwa ndi wokondedwa wake "Ivan Vasilyevich", yemwe amasintha ntchito yake: "Kodi mwamukhumudwitsa mnyamataarynyu, wokoma mtima?", "O, iwe umapondaponda, wakufa, wonyezimira!"? Tili kuseka mochititsa chidwi ndi kusokonezeka kwa Yakin (Mikhail Pugovkin), ndikuyamikira Grozny (Yuri Yakovlev), koma tikawerenga kachiwiri za comako lakumapeto la Bulgakov, timayang'ana ku chinenero chodabwitsa, chomwe ntchito yake inalembedwa.

Smerd smerdu chisokonezo

Wowerenga wamakono, yemwe mwamsanga amaiwalila maphunziro pa phunziro la sukulu monga mbiriyakale, ndithudi sitinganene mwamsanga kuti smerd ndi, kapena kuti, ndani. Koma chidwi, ndithudi, zidzakhala zosangalatsa kupeza kuti mwa njira iyi anthu okhala mu dziko la Russia lakale adatchulidwa, kupatula olemekezeka (anyamata) ndi malo auzimu. I. Mawuwa amatanthawuza kugulitsa anthu, amalonda ndi ojambulajambula, njinga zowonongeka ndi anthu a m'matawuni, komanso anthu osauka. Kotero ndi chiyani chosangalatsa? Iye ndi wamba, munthu wosiyana. Komabe, patapita nthawi, mawuwa amatenga masanti osiyanasiyana.

Funso lolima

Tsopano zifotokozedwe. Alimi a ku Russia anali nthawi yowonjezera. Ndiye, pamene adakhala akapolo, adagawidwa m'magulu atatu: "anthu", "akapolo", "abambo". "Anthu" anali anthu omwe analibe aamuna omwe anali ochepa. Monga "Choonadi cha Russia" (mayesero a zamalamulo XI-XVI zaka mazana asanu), ngati wina apha munthu waulere ndipo wagwidwa, ayenera kulipira ndalama zokwana 40 hryvnia. Ndipo nchiyani chomwe chimamveka bwino, ngati moyo wake sungagwiritsidwe ntchito kuposa moyo wa kapolo (5) hryvnia? Ndiponso, zikutuluka, kapolo. Ndani? Prince, mwachitsanzo. Boyar.

Gawo la smerds linayamba kuphatikizapo anthu osauka omwe anali amlimi omwe anali akapolo monga kusungidwa kwa anthu komanso kuwonjezeka kwa malo. Tsatanetsatane wa mawuwa ndi chikhalidwe cha nthawi ya Kievan Rus.

Smerd "mu Novgorod"

Dziko la Novgorod linali gawo lapadera. Ndipo malamulo a kumeneko ankagwira ntchito zawo zokha. Kodi smerd ndi chiyani malinga ndi malamulo a m'dera lanu? Ndi mlimi wodalira boma, osati mwini wake. Kenaka amphawi onse anayamba kulembedwa m'gululi. Ku Russia ndi omwe anali anthu ambiri omwe amakhala nzika zambiri. Boma linapatsa malo okhala, omwe abambo amalipira msonkho ku chuma, ndi akalonga - udindo wawo "mwa mtundu": chakudya, nsalu, zinyama, ndi zina zotere. Anthu oterowo ankayenera kukhala m'midzi (kuchokera ku "midzi" I, "wokhala pansi"). Pafupi ndi zaka za XV mawu akuti "smerdy" amalowetsedwa ndi "anthu". Ndipo popeza asilikali anali kutengedwa kuchokera kwa anthu wamba, pa nthawi ya Ivan the Terrible ndipo patapita nthawi pang'ono mawu oterewa amatchedwa kutumikira anthu.

M'zinthu (malemba, makalata, makalata, mapemphero) a nthawi imeneyo, iyi ndiyo mawonekedwe ovomerezedwa mwalamulo pamene mfumu ikuyankhula ndi asilikari. Zaka mazana angapo pambuyo pake, mawu akuti "smerd" adasanduka okhumudwitsa, otchulidwa kuti apolisi ndi raznochintsy. Mwa njira, panthawi ya ulamuliro wa mikangano yachifumu, panali mawu enieni, osagwiritsa ntchito "kufa": kulanda nkhani za mdani mdani.

Ndipo zambiri zokhudza etymology ndi ntchito

Ponena za chiyambi cha mawuwo, amatanthauza gulu la chinenero cha Indo-European. Tinafufuza kusintha kwakukulu. Zidakali pano kuti ziyankhulidwe zenizeni zowonjezera zomwe zimapezeka panthawi yogwiritsiridwa ntchito. Kuchokera ku mawu oti "smerd", mawu akuti "kuti aphunzire" adakhazikitsidwa. "Fungo loipa". Chowonadi chiri chakuti mu nyumba zazing'ono, kumene osauka kwambiri ndi antchito akapolo ankakhala, mawindo anali omangirizidwa ndi phula la ng'ombe lomwe silinalole mlengalenga. Zofukizazo zinkawotchera mu "wakuda" njira, utsi sunatulukemo kunja kwa zipinda, chirichonse chinali kusuta mpaka kudutsa. Ndipo mochedwa autumn, nyengo yozizira ndi kumayambiriro kwa masika, pamodzi ndi anthu omwe ali m'nyumba zazing'ono amakhala ndi nkhuku ndi ng'ombe. Zikuwoneka kuti "kununkhira" kwa smerd kunakhoza kumveka kwa mailosi. Choncho, patapita nthawi, mawu oti "smerd" m'malo mwa "Serf" anayamba kutanthauzira munthu wonyansa, wosasunthika, wonyeketsa. Mawu amasiku ano ndi "opanda pokhala".