Akununkha - ndi mfulu anthu akale

Old boma Russian unakhazikitsidwa m'zaka za m'ma, ndondomeko mapangidwe ake malinga ndi lopinda bizinesi, vuto zina dongosolo chikhalidwe, ndi wamba wonyansa - ndi chimodzi mwa zizindikiro chofunika kwambiri chi.

Feudalisation wa anthu akale

Choncho, vuto la zachuma cha chiyambi cha IX atumwi ku Russia anapita crescendo. Nascent asapita ang'onoang'ono, mtengo waukulu umene unali dziko ndipo anthu ntchito pa izo. Ammudzi mafuko pamene mwachangu amang'amba tsopano banja ndithu akugwirireni ntchito chidutswa cha dziko, m'malo mwa oyandikana nawo mmudzi. njira imeneyi zinachitika mu kulemekeza ufulu limodzi ulamuliro dziko ndi dziko panopa wokwatibwa ndi banja limodzi. Pa co-umwini ufulu wa anthu kusangalala ndi meadows, nkhalango ndi msipu. Komabe, zambiri pali chizolowezi kutembenukira izi mu cholowa munthu. Kotero amayamba tidakocheza chuma payekha. Pa nkhani imeneyi, pamwamba pa wapamwamba kukwera mabanja awo kumene kunali chiwerengero chachikulu cha anthu, luso kukuza awo yokhudza malo banja kwambiri. Chomwecho banja ndi ochepa amuna anakakamizika zikhazikike zochepa. Makamaka atsogoleri dzikolo tagwira anakwanitsa ankhondo.

Kuchuluka Kuvuta dongosolo chikhalidwe

lafalitsidwa ya chuma m'dziko amatipeza zinachititsa kuti stratification chikhalidwe pakati pa anthu ufulu poyamba. Banja wotchuka kwambiri azolowera zinthu zatsopano zachuma ndi malonda ndi ukanakhalabe alimi free, kotero apo smerdy. The tanthauzo la mawu amenewa akhoza mawu ali kuti ndi anthu, chitetezo cha ufulu munthu ndi zachuma mu nthawi ya chitukuko mofulumira ubale ang'onoang'ono. Kumayambiriro ang'onoang'ono nthawi anthu amenewa anali ambiri anthu akale. Komabe, ndi zamoyo zina za dongosolo ang'onoang'ono, ambiri a iwo kutaya udindo uwu, osatembenukira ku mtundu wina wa anthu yozungulira. Pa yemweyo wonyansa wamba - si homogenous gulu la anthu, mwa iwo ali olemera, anaitana amuna a, komanso "ankhondo" amene anali woyenera ndi ankafunika kuchita nawo nkhondo (a sine qua sanali anali kufunika akonzekeretse kwathunthu okha kumenya nkhondo).

muukapolo mfulu kudzanso

Ndi kulimbitsa boma itakula ndi mwayi strata. Popeza mfundo ang'onoang'ono amafuna kusintha nthawi zonse anthu masuku pamutu, eni dziko lalikulu pang'onopang'ono amakhala wolemetsedwa ndi ambiri mfulu kudzanso. Choncho, chauve wamba - unali mtundu wa kuopseza m'tsogolo umoyo wa Ambuye ang'onoang'ono, ndipo m'mbuyomu anayesera njira zambiri kutembenukira oyamba anthu amadalira iwo. Ndipo Nthawi zambiri, mothandizidwa ndi nyengo. zolephera mbewu, kusefukira kwa madzi, chilala - zochitika zonse izi zinachititsa chakuti chuma kamodzi kuyanga wa serfs anali zimachepa. Mabanja awo chakudya anawakakamiza kuti kupempha thandizo kwa mafumu ang'onoang'ono, ndi zina zidagwa ukapolo muno olemera. Pakuti anakongola ndalama, mbewu ndi zipangizo iwo anayenera kupereka.

Izi zikhoza kuchitika m'njira zosiyanasiyana. gawo m'modzi ndi m'modzi amangawa analowa mu mgwirizano ndi wokongoza ( "chiwerengero" mu Old Russian galamafoniyo) ndi ntchito pa ena nthawi yawo amachita kotero ngongole. Anthu awa anali kutchedwa "ryadovichi". Mbali inanso kulipira ngongole ( "Coop" mu galamafoniyo wakale), koma sanathe Chokani wobwereketsayo kufikira kwathunthu reimburse chuma yobwereka. Anthu amenewa amatchedwa "Zákupy."

Redefining

Komabe, pozindikira munthuyo nakhala ufulu. Wonyansa osauka Russia wakale - izi chikhalidwe makamaka anthu yodziwika ndi malo ake mu anthu ang'onoang'ono. zithandiza akhoza kutayika wosatha ngati munthu sanathe kukwaniritsa udindo wake, ndiye kuti munthuyo ndi kapolo, ine disfranchised munthu, yekha kapolo mphako. Zitatero, ndi chitukuko mbiri, mawu ataya tanthauzo wapachiyambi. Mu Russia XVI-XIX zaka serf - ndi ananyozedwa zoti anthu chiyambi odzichepetsa ntchito mu mabwalo a anthu otchuka a mtundu Russian.