Kodi tsinde? Kapangidwe tanthauzo la tsinde la

Kodi tsinde? Kumbali ya zamoyo, ndi mbali ya mbewu, umene masamba ndi maluwa, zomwe ndi kupitiriza dongosolo mtima, chibwenzi ku mizu. Ntchito yaikulu ya tsinde ndi yobereka madzi ndi mchere wofunikira ku dothi masamba ndi mbali zina za zomera. zimayambira Green komanso ali ndi udindo chakudya ndi nawo photosynthesis.

Mapulaniwo: matabwa ake ndi matanthauzo

Minofu kumapeto kwa maselo tsinde ali okhoza kugawa ndi kuchititsa elongation ake, wotchedwa apical meristem. zigawo tsinde zikuphatikizapo khungu - TACHIMATA ndi wosanjikiza kunja kwa maselo wapadera masamba sera, imene umateteza chilengedwe. Pulayimale minofu anamanga khungu ndipo mkati phloem udindo kugawa zinthu za dzuwa ndi mbewu. xylem minofu analigawa madzi ndi mchere kuyambira kumizu pamwamba kwambiri, motero popereka thandizo structural kwa zomera. Nsalu ndi cambium wosanjikiza kugawa zimakhala amalola kukula thunthu lawo kukula m'lifupi. Mtengo tsinde makamaka kupereka yofunika zinthu chomera lonse. Ngati chawonongeka kapena zolimba bandeji, pa nthawi, mosatsata zimakhala chakudya, pang'onopang'ono anayamba adzauma. Total imfa kumachitika ndi lifotabe a dongosolo muzu. tsinde gawo ilinso pakati wodzala zake zomera akale nkhuni molimba ulusi xylem ndi ntchito chizindikiritso cha zomera. Zimakhala olimba kapena dzenje. mtanda wake gawo kungakhale yozungulira triangular kapena nyenyezi woboola pakati.

mbali kunja

Kodi tsinde ndi chimene chimaoneka? Pamwamba pa tsinde ndi mfundo zikuluzikulu kukula. Zolandilira ili momwemo mwina kuwonetsa mawonekedwe a masamba masamba ndi vegetative masamba ubereki. Makamaka zomera zambiri apical timadzi auxin kumabwezera mmbuyo chitukuko cha masamba lateral, potero orienting chomera, osati pambali. Ngati Mphukira apical amachotsedwa pa kudulira, kukula kwa axils tsamba ofananira masamba kukhazikitsa kumufotokozera, ndi tsinde adzakhala Kasungu mawonekedwe. Monga ulamuliro, kuphimba pamwamba pa mapepala ndi kusinthidwa - mamba Mphukira, zimene kuteteza. Makungwa ndi akunja zoteteza minofu ya zomera zake, ndipo akufotokozera ndi zaka.

dongosolo mtima

Dongosolo mtima ukufanizidwa ndi tinjira mipope mwa madzi ndi zakudya ndi kuwapititsa mu mbewu ndi kaphatikizidwe mizu, mapulaniwo ndi masamba. Si onse zomera akhoza kudzitama monga ndere ndi algae zimayendera ndi akakufunsani. zomera mtima monga maluwa ndi zomera coniferous ndi Mumapezekanso. dongosolo tichipeza awiri zimakhala zikuluzikulu: a phloem ndi xylem. Xylem ndi zopezera mipope kuti Amakweza madzi ndi mchere mu mbewu. Komanso, limaperekanso ntchito yake yachiwiri - structural thandizo, izo angayerekezedwe ndi msana, amene amathandiza kusunga woongoka. Kapangidwe tsinde nthawi zambiri zimadalira kuchuluka kwa minofu Mwachitsanzo, izo kwambiri ali makungwa a mtengo, mu mitundu yake yaing'ono.

mitundu Common wa zimayambira

1. Wood. Apa akunena vertically kukula mitengo ndi pakati ndi lalikulu, ndi tchire (maluwa, mphesa, mabulosi akuda, raspberries).
2. Kusinthidwa. Mwachitsanzo, tulips, maluwa ndi uta ndi unakhuthala mobisa tsinde masamba minofu. Mu Gladiolus lalifupi, unakhuthala mobisa mapulaniwo ndi masamba lalifupi wazikang'a. The wothinikizidwa pachimake, kukula pamwamba ndi pansi pa mizu ya masamba ndi maluwa ndi sitiroberi, dandelion, Violet African.
3. Cham'mbali. Mwachitsanzo, mphukira mlengalenga wa sitiroberi, toffee.
4. Lopotana zimayambira (Anakweranso, honeysuckle, zitheba).
5. Mitundu ya zimayambira mulinso tuber, monga mbatata.
6. Tuberous tsinde, lalifupi ndi flattened, lilipo chifukwa begonias, dahlias. Mosiyana ndi tubers, amene ali obalalika zolandilira, tuberous zimayambira ali yekha masamba tsamba pamwamba.

ntchito tsinde

1. kuthandiza masamba, maluwa ndi zipatso, kucheza ndi mizu. Mitengo ndi zitsamba tsinde chachikulu kapena thunthu amakhala ndi wamphamvu dongosolo columnar.

2. Iye ndi wochititsa madzi, zakudya ndi mankhwala photosynthesis. dongosolo lawo zoyendera zoti kotero kuti imatheka ofukula ndi lateral kuyenda mu thupi mbewu.

3. Luso kusunga madzi ndi mankhwala a dzuwa ndi ntchito yofunika kwambiri ya mapesi a zomera monga kanjedza ndi cacti.

4. Young wobiriwira tsinde chimagwira zazing'ono ntchito zakudya chifukwa ndondomeko ya photosynthesis, koma ena mitundu (mwachitsanzo, cacti) ndicho ndodo photosynthesis limba.

5. Ndi njira asexual kubalana mwa mitundu ya zomera, kuphatikizapo cuttings.

gawo tsinde

Onse zimayambira wa angiosperms, kuphatikizapo iwo amene ali kwambiri kusinthidwa, ndi mfundo, internodes, ndipo masamba. Mfundo - iyi ndiyo nthawi imene kukula masamba kapena masamba. Chiwembu otchedwa interstice therebetween. Bud - ndi embryonic tsinde kuti angathe kukula ndi chitukuko. Iwo akhoza kukula mu maluwa kapena tsamba. masamba awa amatchedwa tsamba masamba, masamba ndi masamba osokonezeka. Ambiri a iwo kukhala pa mpumulo nthawi zina, ndiye kukula mu madera osiyana kapena Integrated mwachibadwa mu minofu tsinde ndipo inconspicuous. Mitengo ndi zitsamba, kuwonjezera pa tsinde chachikulu, kawirikawiri komanso nthambi mbali, omwe amagwira nthambi ang'onoang'ono. Kuwonjezera masamba ndi masamba, ndi nyumba zina kupezeka mu mawonekedwe a outgrowths tsitsi ngati ndi maselo epidermal, ndi stipules spikes.

tsinde Makulidwe

Tsatirani funso kuti kodi tsinde, n'kofunika kuganizira kukula kwake. Zomera zonse, nthawi zambiri mbali aboveground, amene amatithandiza structural ndipo amakhala mkhalapakati ndi kalozera pakati dongosolo muzu ndi masamba. The zimayambira zosiyanasiyana kukula kwa mpesa yaing'ono rostochku 15-mita awiri mtengo!

mtengo

Kodi tsinde? Tikhoza kunena kuti ichi ndi olamulira chapakati, kumene amagwira zinthu zina zonse. zomera zambiri zili pamwamba, koma mitundu ina mudzabisika mobisa tsinde. matabwa ake ndi tanthauzo ali inextricably zogwirizana. Chifukwa wapadera kapangidwe ka madzi ndi zakudya zidaperedwa kwa masamba komanso mizu. Tanthauzo la tsinde sangathe n'kofunika, kutchinga mtsempha wamagazi yofunika imeneyi kumabweretsa imfa ya mbewu. Pali zambiri za ntchito mafakitale, kuphatikizapo kupala matabwa (mitengo, nkhuni, kukonza matabwa). Ndi Mungapezenso zamkati kwa papermaking, mu mitundu ina ya zimayambira angakhale gwero la zakudya. ulusi wake mu maonekedwe yaiwisi ali m'gulu la mankhwala, lalabala, tannins, mitundu ndi zina zambiri. Mitundu ina ya zimayambira ntchito asexual kapena vegetative kubalana zomera.

A chiwerengero chachikulu ofunsira

Pali mitundu yambirimbiri ya zomera amene zimayambira wofunika kwambiri kwa ulimi, monga mbatata. Mapesi a nzimbe ndi ndiwo shuga. Maple shuga amapangidwa kuchokera makungwa mapulo. Masamba ntchito mapesi a katsitsumzukwa, mphukira nsungwi, kohlrabi ndi madzi mgoza. Zokometsera sinamoni - ndi khungwa. Chingamu Chiarabu ndi zowonjezera chakudya anachokera ku makungwa a mtengo. Chicle - ichi ndi pophika waukulu kumatafuna chingamu, yotengedwa mtengo chicle. Kuyambira nsungwi kuti pepala, mipando, maboti, zoimbira, ndodo nsomba, mapaipi madzi ndipo ngakhale nyumba. Nkhata Bay analandira kuchokera ku makungwa a Nkhata Bay thundu. Rattan ntchito zipangizo ndi madengu anapangidwa kuchokera ku mapesi a mitengo otentha kanjedza. Chitsanzo loyambirira la ntchito mbali yofunika imeneyi ya mbewu ya gumbwa, ambiri ku Egypt. Amber - ndi mantha kuyamwa ku makungwa a mitengo, ntchito yokongola ndi anyamula zotsalira za nyama wakale. Utomoni ku nkhuni coniferous ntchito yopanga turpentine ndi rosin.