Korzhavin Naum Moiseevich, Russian ndakatulo ndi wolemba: yonena, zilandiridwenso

Ndakatulo Korzhavin - wapadera ndi luso munthu, amene ayenera kukhala tcheru ndi connoisseurs zonse, mabuku ndi mkulu kalasi kalembedwe. Mwatsoka, wolemba ndakatulo si bwino kwambiri kudziwika ngakhale kwawo, ngakhale zopereka zake chitukuko cha chikhalidwe ndi mabuku ndi zoopsa. chifukwa si banal ndi izezzhena - sefani kugona ndi boma. Amene anali Korzhavin Naum Moiseevich? Today ife kulankhula za wanzeru Russian ndakatulo, Wolemba wina, novelist komanso womasulira. Tikumbukenso kuti ntchito yake yonse amalimbikitsa mfundo yaikulu - za ufulu wa munthu, a makhalidwe ake ndi chikhalidwe.

womdziwa

Korzhavin Naum Moiseevich, amene yonena adzaikidwa pa maalumali pang'ono, anabadwa mu 1925 Kiev. Dzina lenileni la ndakatulo iyi - Mandel. Iye anabadwa mu banja Ayuda. Za makolo luso munthu amachita kanthu amadziwika. mfundo zonse zofunika achotsa kwa masamba a mbiriyakale ... Iwo amadziwika kuti mayi ake anali dotolo wamano, komanso agogo ake - tzaddik (a munthu waumulungu, pafupifupi woyera).

Mnyamata, komanso ana onse anapita ku sukulu. Komabe, sukulu likulu anafika sanakonde wake, ndi nkhondo isanayambe iye anachotsedwa kumeneko. Wolemba ndakatulo yekha Maulendo Ake limanena kuti chifukwa anali kutsutsana ndi mkulu wa bungwe la.

achinyamata

Nahumu Korzhavin, amene ndakatulo ndi wotchuka kwambiri mu mabwalo yopapatiza mu dziko ndi kunja, ndi unyamata wake anali umunthu yowala. Ngakhale unyamata wake anaona Nikolai Aseev - amadziwika ndakatulo, wolemba ndi wopambana wa Stalin Prize. Munthu uyu anayambitsa m'tsogolo Moscow chilengedwe zolembalemba ndi wolemba luso koma sakudziwika. Nikolai Aseev anali woyamba amene anaona achinyamata ndi amantha mnyamata a ndakatulo, amene kalembedwe zimatsindika aliyense. Iwo makamaka anali Korzhavin monga zotheka mogwirizana ndi seamlessly oyenera chilengedwe zolembalemba wa Moscow, umene unali wodzala osati anthu amphatso kokha, komanso nsanje. Dziwani kuti Korzhavin Naum Moiseevich sanakhalepo wamanyazi - iye ankayankha molimba mtima ndi poyera za adani awo. Ndithudi, icho chinali chimodzi mwa zifukwa zimene iye sali okondedwa, koma kulemekezedwa.

Kupita ku koleji

Pamene anayamba Wamkulu zosonyeza kukonda nkhondo, Mandel anali anasamutsidwa kuchoka likulu. usilikali kunali kosatheka kuti pamene iye anali akudwala myopia. Wolemba ndakatulo wamng'ono anasamukira ku Moscow mu 1944. Chinthu choyamba chimene anachita chinali kulowa zolembalemba Institute Gorky. Koma mnyamatayo anali kukambapo mphamvu zawo ndipo sanali pochitika mayeso. Ngakhale kuti pofuna zinalephereka chiphaso, izo sanali bwanji ankhondo mzimu wa mnyamatayo. Si ogorchilolo monga kungotanthauza kuti adzakhala kovuta kukonza adzapitirira chaka chamawa.

Tsoka Kupeleka chosatha. Chaka chotsatira, 1945, Korzhavin Naum Moiseevich kwenikweni amapita kusukulu. Mfundo chidwi kuti anansi ake ogona anali anthu monga Vladimir Tendriakov ndi Rasul Gamzatov.

mmangeni

Posachedwa ndawala Stalinist ndi cosmopolitanism, amene anakhudza ndi ngwazi wathu. Mu 1947, wolemba ndakatulo anamangidwa. amakumbukira bwino kwambiri. Mwina n'zovuta kuiwala tsiku pamene moyo wanu anazondoketsedwa. Kuchokera chokumbukira ndakatulo Ndikudziwa kuti anali m'mawa, Rasul Gamzatov amphamvu tulo pambuyo kumwa kamodzi kokha adafuwula ndi mantha "Kodi inu?".

miyezi yoposa 8 mwakhama Korzhavin Naum Moiseevich anakhala mu Institute. Chisebiya State Security ndi Utumiki wa USSR. Pomaliza, ndakatulo iyi analamulidwa. Special Msonkhano wa MGB analamula kuti ukapolo zimabweretsa chikhalidwe oopsa. Chakumapeto kwa chaka cha 1948 Mandel ku Siberia. Apo iye anali kukhala m'mudzi Chumakov. Kwa zaka zitatu iye anakhala Karaganda, kuyambira 1951 mpaka 1954. Ngakhale kuti moyo sizinali choncho, monga Ndikufuna mnyamata sanataye chikhulupiriro nokha, mu moyo ndi tsogolo labwino. Naum Moiseevich osati tangotaya nthawi mu kulingalira kwambiri ndiponso yopweteka chake chinachitika kwa iye, momwe moyo pambuyo ichi, pali tsogolo ... Iye monga moyo ndipo iye anadziwa kuti nthawi kubwerera. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti pamene anali ku Karaganda, iye anakwanitsa kupeza maphunziro ku koleji migodi kapitawo.

Pambuyo Amnesty, chimene chinachitika mu 1954, wolemba ndakatulo anali wokhoza kubwerera ku Moscow. Kale anali anapulumutsa ndi kumukonzanso patapita zaka ziwiri. Posachedwapa ndakatulo anachira pa Institute zolembalemba, maphunziro athu mu 1959.

Nditabwerera ku Moscow Mandel anali kukhala moyo. Nkhani imeneyi inali yoopsa kwambiri, chifukwa kudikira thandizo kwa ena mwa magulu sanakumane. Panthawi imeneyi amayamba apeze zofunika pa moyo wake m'Mabaibulo. Kale mu nthawi ya "m'firiji pamtunda" anafalitsa ndakatulo wake mu magazini zolembalemba. Izo sizimapanga iye mphezi ndi bwino dizzying, koma kuwerenga. Kuyambira pomwe bukhu mu magazini anali wopereŵera ndi kusankha, kutchuka yapadera kovuta kuti apindule. Lonse mbiri anabwera wolemba chitulutsireni ya ndakatulo zosonkhanitsira "Tarusa Pages" mu 1961. Kutolere latsopano lakuti "Zaka" kuchokera mu zaka ziwiri. Iye anyamula ndime ya wolemba kuchokera 1941 mpaka mu 1961. nthawi iyi zinali zovuta kwambiri, komanso kuberekana kwa Mandel. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti mu 1967 chilengedwe chake "Kamodzi makumi awiri" anali ankachitika ndi kusewera mu mpanda wa muholo ya K. S. Stanislavskogo.

Korzhavin ndakatulo sanali kokha mkulu ndakatulo. Ambiri mwa ntchito zake zinatuluka mu mndandanda samizdat osiyana. Posachedwa mabuku Korzhavina anakhala choletsedwa, ndipo anati anali mu theka lachiwiri la 1960, iye mwachangu anaimirira zoterozo "andende achikumbumtima", monga Galanskov, Ginsburg, Daniel ndi Sinyavsky.

emigration

Nahumu Korzhavin, amene mabuku tsopano oletsedwa, sangakhale chete, ndipo nkhondo yake ndi escalate boma. Mu 1973, pa mafunso lotsatira, wozenga mlandu ndakatulo analemba mawu kuchoka ku dziko, akunena kuti "kusowa mpweya moyo." Kodi tayenda ndakatulo? Anakakhala ku Boston, USA. Maksimov m'gulu mu mndandanda wa mamembala a gulu mkonzi wa "M'dziko" - kulenga njira Korzhavin ndi sanaganize kuponya. Mu 1976, Republic Federal la Germany, kapena kani, mu Frankfurt am Main, iye anafalitsa mndandanda wa wolemba wakuti "Time" ndipo mu 1981 - "Plexus".

pambuyo kusintha

Patapita nthawi kukonzanso wolemba ndinali ndi mwayi wokaona Russia. Ndipo Iye anadza ku bungwe kuwerenga ndakatulo ndi kulankhula ndi ndiAmene mabuku a nthawi. Ulendo woyamba unachitika mu Moscow mu theka lachiwiri la 1980 pa kuyitana patokha Bulat Okudzhava. Wolemba ndakatulo analankhula mu Nyumba ya Cinema, kumene kunali anthu ambiri: nyumbayo tikulephera pa makonde mbali anaika mipando owonjezera. Pa nthawi imene Okudzhava ndi Korzhavin pamodzi anabwera powonekera, ndi omvera onse, ndi dongosolo la wolamulira wosaonekayo, anaimirira ndipo anawombera m'manja. Komabe, masomphenya a mlakatuli Ndi anavutika kwambiri kwambiri kuyambira pa unyamata wake, kotero iye sakanakhoza kuwona phwando amenewa. Bulat m'khutu mu khutu lake, zimene holo, ndipo kenako Mandel chimaonekadi manyazi. Pa usiku anawerenga ndakatulo ake ndipo anayankha mafunso amene anali strewed m'madera osiyanasiyana kwa bwalo, kuti sanali mapeto. Tikumbukenso kuti kuŵerenga ntchito zake, iye sakanakhoza buku, choncho anachita izo pamtima: chifukwa ali yemweyo - masomphenya. Pamene panali kufunika kuwerenga chinachake kuchokera m'buku kuti siteji limatuluka zisudzo wotchuka ndi kuwerenga vesi loyamba kuti limagwira diso. Choyamba anasonyeza kuti akufuna kuwerenga ndakatulo ya mbuye chachikulu Igor Kvasha - kwaziwonetsero "Contemporary". Zinali ndiye zomwezo ndi ena.

A masiku angapo pambuyo pa ntchito bwino ndi phwando ofunda Korzhavin anapita masewera mtolankhani Arkadiya Galinskogo. Iwo anali kulankhula kwa nthawi yaitali ndipo anali wokondwa kuti dziko likusintha. Ngakhale, pamene Mandel anati: "Ine sindimakhulupirira iwo." chokumbukira Personal ndipo anafunsa wolemba Tingaone mu zopelekedwa film, 2005 "anawasankha Ufulu" motsogoleredwa ndi Vladimir Kara-Murza.

maganizo andale

Zokumbukira ndi nkhani journalistic Korzhavina kusanduka zonse za maganizo ndale. Pamene anali wamng'ono, kwathunthu anakana dongosolo Stalinist, pamene pang'ono kulekanitsa mfundo chikominisi. Chikhulupiriro yamasika zachokera kusiyana moyo weniweniwo ndi chikominisi chenicheni. Kodi ndakatulo limanena anawawidwa ndi chisoni zoonekeratu, ndi kuti iye anali kuyesera zifukwa Stalin anapeza zochita zake pambuyo pa nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti malingaliro awa maganizo ngakhale pamene kumangidwa wotchuka. Koma pamene ali mu ukapolo Korzhavin anabwerera ku chikominisi ndi kukana Stalinism.

Mlembi ananena kuti nkhambakamwa chikominisi anazisiya mu 1957. Pakuti iyi inali emigration wake ku United States pamene anali kumanja kwa sipekitiramu ndale (monga ambiri a kumayiko ku Soviet Union). Mu mabuku, wolemba moona ndi molimba mtima anadzudzula chikominisi ndi mitundu yonse ya sosholisimu mtima chosintha pontho akhanzonda Western "abwenzi wa USSR". Sam adadzipereka yekha tanthauzo la "owolowa manja ndiwofatsa kapena owolowa manja aukali." Iwo ayenera kumvetsa kuti mikangano "Russophobes" ndi "Russophile" anatenga udindo wa otsiriza, kuteteza miyambo ya kwawo.

Kale mu 1990-2000, nkhani zake mwadzaza mwamwano ndi Kutsutsa chikominisi ndi kwakukulu liberalism. ntchito zake zolembalemba zinadzala ndi makhalidwe abwino achikristu ndi mbali miyambo Russian chikhalidwe. Ananena kuti chikhalidwe ayenera kumwedwa osati kuchuluka koma khalidwe. Ntchito, mulibe kwambiri tanthauzo anthu, ndi kulemera pang'ono, kuwonjezera mwawo kuwerenga nkhani za bafa.

Nahumu Korzhavin, amene ndakatulo ndi chodabwitsa, koma anali otsutsa chikondi ndi avant-garde kunyoza munthu wamng'ono. Iye anaumirira kuti mabuku analenga anthu wamba ndipo ayenera kutsatira kuti iwo. Only chikhalidwe kuti ali mogwirizana chimene tinganene kuti ngati Tikakhala ndi luso kwa owerenga. Ananena kuti ngati kulibe chikhumbo cha chiyanjano, ndi banal kudziletsa watero kudzera cholembera. Kuchokera pa malo awa, revisited zotsatira za nyengo ya "Silver Age". om'tsutsa adziwa ngakhale Blok ndi A. Ahamatova, koma koposa zonse Brodsky wakeyu. Ntchito zake "Genesis" kalembedwe anticipatory namatetule "kapena bodza lalikulu Brodsky" Korzhavin zikuchepa kudzudzulidwa mwambo mwa ndakatulo iyi. Prose Nahumu Korzhavina amafuna chisamaliro chapadera kwa admirers ndi akatswiri a ntchito yake. Izo zimasonyeza bwinobwino mu prose zimene wolemba ndakatulo anali ndi malingaliro zazing'ono.

banja

mkazi woyamba anali wolemba Valentin Mandel, imene mwana Elena. The mkazi wachiwiri a ndakatulo iyi anali philologist Chikondi Chenicheni ukwati umene unakhalapo kuchokera 1965 mpaka 2014, pomwe ukalamba anatenga moyo wa mkazi. Amadziwika kuti lero Korzhavin ndi mwana wake amakhala ku Chapel Hill, North Carolina.

maulemu

Ntchito Korzhavina (Mandel) Naum Moiseevich sankawabisira mu 2006 ndi mphoto wapadera "Pakuti chopereka mabukuwo," "The Big Book" mphoto. Komanso mu 2016, Mandela anali kupereka ndi "The ndakatulo" dziko mphoto.

kusanthula mozama

Mu ndime imeneyi, tiona zina mwa ndakatulo, amene anatipatsa Naum Korzhavin. "The Ballad chosowa mbiri ya kugona" mu nditaona kwambiri nkhani njira zimene ankatchedwa kusintha Lenin. Ndakatulo si lakuthwa mtima, n'zosadabwitsa kuti ndakatulo iyi sankandilola kufalitsa. Tikumbukenso kuti zimene anthu kuti nyama kunaposa: onse sinali, chifukwa palibe amene analola poyera kuseka pa ulamuliro. N'zoona kuti izi Naum Moiseevich sharpness syllable unali mavuto aakulu, koma mizere akali moyo, ndipo muwerenge ndi mibadwomibadwo, amene adzakumbukira kwambiri kufika Korzhavina mizere. Ngakhale kuti ndime yoyamba zikumveka mwachirendo ndi satirical, pambuyo kuwerenga amakhalabe ena "aftertaste" mu mtima wonse ndi matsoka. Ndi zosadabwitsa kuti ndakatulo ndi zogwirizana nthawi zonse ...

Nahumu Korzhavin ( "Kuyambira ndili mwana Ine ankakonda chowulungika") analemba osati mzere kwambiri, komanso kwambiri kumvetsa komanso yosavuta. Mu ndakatuloyi pamwamba zikuoneka kuti akunena zinthu banal, ndipo komabe subtext bwinobwino ndi noticeable kwambiri. Iwo amakhala ndi ntchito zonse za ndakatulo - osavutawo, kalembedwe ophweka, koma kwambiri molondola tanthauzo ndi kuwonjezekeredwa aliyense mzere. Chifukwa ngodya, chifukwa zovuta akalumikidzidwa moyo? Chifukwa zonse izi, ngati pali chowulungika, ngati inu angathetse mavuto mwamtendere komanso popanda ovulala? Kodi kukhala wodekha ndi mtundu mtima munthu mu dziko laling'ono la Soviet Union, ndipo ngati n'zotheka pa nthawi yomweyo kukhala munthu - ndi chimene funso amaperekedwa ndi Naum Korzhavin.

"Kusiyana kwa Nekrasov" ndi mndandanda wa wolemba "Plexus" imene inafalitsidwa mu 1981 ku Germany. N'chifukwa chiyani timasamala kuti ndime pang'ono? Monga tanena kale, Korzhavin - ndi ndakatulo, limene chiwerengero cha mizere ndi zilembo silimasewera alibiretu udindo. Iwo akhoza kuganiza kwambiri nzeru mu Vesi kapena "paketi" maganizo awo mu ballad a. The ndakatulo akufotokoza nkhani ya mkazi Russian: wophweka, molimba mtima ndi amphamvu. Pankhaniyi, chikhalidwe dziko ( "asiye kavalo akuthamanga ...") mochenjera kumunyoza, kusonyeza kuti zaka ziyenda, koma palibe chimasintha. Mkazi, amene ayenera kukhala Mtetezi wa moto ndi chitonthozo kunyumba, akupitiriza "kuletsa akavalo ndi kupita ku nyumba moto." ndime iyi yakhala anazindikira kuti n'zosadabwitsa ofunda ngakhale wamkazi omvera chifukwa china kuganizira za udindo wawo anthu. Izitu n'zovutitsa ndi mwa njira yosavuta Korzhavina mosavuta kuwerenga ndakatulo, koma ena wokhudza zingwe za moyo.

Nahumu Korzhavin ndakatulo zolembedwa za mkazi mosamala kwambiri, kudziŵa osalimba ndi wosakhwima chikhalidwe wamkazi. Pankhaniyi, iyo siingakhoze mlandu ndi kuti asokoneza masomphenya ofala mkazi m'ntchito zake. Zilibe ntchito mphatso zolembalemba kukhumudwitsa, mukunyoza kapena manyazi jenda wamkazi mwa njira iliyonse. Iye anafotokoza kokha pa mfundo zofunika kuti apange akazi kudzuka ndi kuyang'ana pa tokha ndi maso osiyana. Korzhavin Naum Moiseevich (Herzen mavesi kukumbukira ndi thandizo yabwino) mwa ntchito zake zonse zolembalemba amanyamula lingaliro chabwino cha "maloto" monga anthu inert ndi kungokhala chete. kufanana Zimenezi zingapezeke mu pafupifupi ntchito zonse wolemba.

Mavesi ena a wolemba nkhawa pang'ono autobiographical mphindi. Mwachitsanzo, ndakatulo "Inu nokha anasonyeza changu ..." akuuza ubale wolemba ndi mkazi wake woyamba. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti ngakhale kuti banja lawo linatha, munthu mwachikondi ndi mantha reminisces za Mkazi wake "mopusa mtsikana." Korzhavin Naum Moiseevich chikondi ndakatulo sanafune kulemba. Ndipotu, palibe chachilendo mu izi. Koma ngakhale pamene analemba za mkazi, mizere wake ali odzaza ndi mwachikondi ngati ndi chete, chikondi chete, amene angathe amuna zokhazokha. Osati mizere ambiri wolemba wodzipereka kwa chifanizo cha akazi, koma ndakatulo anthu, amene anabadwa, woyenera kutamandidwa Mwambamwamba.

Ubwino waukulu wa wolemba izi ndi kuti, mosiyana ambiri a m'nthawi yake ndi akalambula, nafuna ku ungwiro mogwirizana. Iye analemba, kuti alemere owerenga, kumupatsa ngale wa ganizo. Ine sindikufuna kutchula mayina enieni, koma ambiri odziwika alakatuli amene akulemekezedwa mu chikhalidwe Russian anafuna yekha kudzinenera zakukhosi. Izi zikuonekera bwino ndi chakuti ntchito yawo ankakonda odzipha pamenepa, ndipo ndakupeputsa akazi. Ngakhale kuti anali ndi kalembedwe okongola ndi luso a ndakatulo iyi, anagwiritsa ntchito kokha kuonetsa maganizo awo pa dziko, pamene Naum Korzhavin ntchito kudzaza owerenga kuunika ndi mphamvu. Nkhani imeneyi kungakhale yaitali kwambiri ndi zovuta, koma zokwanira kutenga chopereka cha Korzhavina ndi ndakatulo zina (makamaka a "Silver Age") ndi kuyerekeza maganizo awo atawerenga angapo mavesi. Apa ndi mayeso ophweka kumvetsa tanthauzo la zinthu Nahumu Korzhavina kwambiri kumva dziko lake.

Polongosola mwachidule zotsatira za nkhaniyi, ine ndikufuna kunena kuti Korzhavin (Mandel) Naum Moiseevich anapanga zopereka zikuluzikulu chitukuko cha mabuku ndi chikhalidwe cha kwawo. Uyu ndi munthu ndi likulu kalata, umene moyo wake wonse patsogolo zivute zitani. Monga mmene tinaphunzilila m'nkhani imeneyi, iye anali wolemera ndipo yaitali moyo umene kum'menya chaka ndi chaka. Ngakhale kusiya mphindi zolembalemba (pamene akuchita izo - mlandu), mukhoza amasirira Korzhavin chabe monga munthu amene anayenda ndi ulemu umenewu njira zovuta zaminga. Kutenganso kuganizira talente yake zolembalemba ndi olemera chikhalidwe cholowa cha mibadwomibadwo, tikhoza kunena kuti Naum Moiseevich - uyu ndi munthu amene adzakhala chitsanzo chachikulu achinyamata a m'dziko limene akufuna kukula mtima, palokha ndipo mfulu.