Kugonjetsedwa kwa Polovtsy Vladimir Monomakh. ndi Cumans ndi amene

Mbiri ya Russia ndi zonse zochitika zosiyanasiyana. Aliyense wa iwo anasiya chizindikiro awo kukumbukira anthu onse. Zina mwa zinthu zikuluzikulu ndi kutembenuza adza kwa masiku athu ano ndipo amalemekezedwa ndi oyenera wathu anthu. Khalani cholowa chanu chikhalidwe, kukumbukira chigonjetso chachikulu ndi akazembe - ichi ndi ntchito yofunika kwambiri ya munthu aliyense. Akalonga a Russia kuti si nthawi zonse muli bwino mawu a kasamalidwe wake wa Lazaro, koma iwo anayesa kuti banja lina lomwe pamodzi amasankha zinthu zonse. The yovuta kwambiri ndi zovuta mphindi nthaŵi zonse anawonekera munthu amene "anatenga ng'ombe ndi nyanga," ndipo kalekale zosiyana. Mmodzi wa anthu aakulu awa ndi Vladimir Monomakh, limene amati ndi zofunika kwambiri m'mbiri ya Russia. Iye wapanga kwambiri zolinga zovuta zankhondo ndiponso zandale, motero sanali agwiritsa ntchito njira zachiwawa. njira yake inali machenjerero, chipiriro ndi nzeru, zimene zinamuthandiza kuti mtendere pakati pa akulu, iwo ankamuda mzake kwa zaka. Komanso, inu simungapeze chidwi ndi luso la kalonga kulimbana, chifukwa Monomakh machenjerero zambiri opulumutsidwa asilikali Russian ku chiwonongeko. Kugonjetsedwa kwa Polovtsian Prince Vladimir ndinaganiza ndendende, choncho "wosweka" alilidi Russia.

Polovtsi OYAMBA

Cumans, kapena polovchane, monga iwo akutchedwa mbiri yakale - anthu chiyambi Turkic amene ankakhala moyo wosamukasamuka. zinthu zosiyanasiyana kuwapatsa mayina osiyanasiyana: mwa zikalata Byzantine - Qom mu Arab-Persian - Kipchak. Chiyambi cha m'ma XI itafika kwa anthu a wopindulitsa kwambiri: adatulutsa Pechenegs Torquay ndi kum'mawa kwa Volga, ndipo akhazikika m'madera amenewa. Komabe, mu ankhondowo iyi ife anaganiza kuti asiye ndipo anawoloka Dnieper Mtsinje, ndiyeno bwinobwino kunsi kwa mtsinje wa Danube. Choncho iwo kukhala eni Great steppe, amene anatambasula ku Danube kuti Irtish. magwero Russian ndi malo awa monga Polovtsian kumunda.

Pa chilengedwe cha Golden gulu anakwanitsa kuphunzira zambiri Polovtsy Mongolia bwinobwino amalowerera chinenero chawo. Dziwani kuti pambuyo chinenero (Kipchak) N'chifukwa m'zinenero zambiri (Chitata, Nogai, Kumyk ndi Bashkir).

Origin akuti

Mawu "Cumans" wa Old Russian amatanthauza "yellow". oimira anthu ambiri ndi tsitsi bulondi, koma ambiri a iwo anali oimira mtundu European ndi kusakanizikana kwa Mongoloid. Komabe, asayansi ena akunena kuti chiyambi cha dzina amachokera anthu kumene iwo kuletsa - kumunda. Pali Mabaibulo ambiri, koma palibe si odalirika.

dongosolo la fuko

Kugonjetsedwa kwa Polovtsy anali mwina chifukwa kachitidwe kawo asilikali demokalase. Fuko lonse unagawidwa genera angapo. Aliyense Fuko dzina yake - dzina la mtsogoleri. kubadwa angapo anali ogwirizana mafuko, amene analenga yekha m'midzi ndi mzinda-wintering. Fuko lililonse linali ndi wogwirizana yake m'dziko limene chakudya nalo. Kulinso mabungwe ang'onoang'ono, kusuta - mgwirizano wa mabanja. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti fodya akhoza moyo osati Cumans, koma mitundu ina, ndi kusanganikirana kuti amapezeka mwachibadwa.

Andale

Kusuta ogwirizana khamu, amene anali kuyang'anira Khan. The Khans anali ulamuliro wapamwamba m'munda. Kupatula izi, panali magulu monga atumiki komanso akaidi. Komanso chidwi ndi gulu la akazi kuti odana iwo kwa mnyamata. Iwo ankatchedwa chagami. Akaidi - ndi akaidi ankhondo amene kwenikweni anali akapolo banja. Ali kuchita ntchito ya kalavulagaga, analibe ufulu ndipo anali kugwirizana wotsikitsitsa pa wapamwamba. Anali Koshev - mitu ya mabanja akuluakulu. Banja inkakhala koshey. Aliyense kosh ndi banja limodzi ndi atumiki ake.

Chuma, ncho mu ndewu unagawidwa pakati pa atsogoleri a nkhondo ndi anthu otchuka. asilikali wamba analandira nyenyeswa chabe ku gome la Ambuye. Pankhani ya kampeni zinalephereka akhoza kupita akupsya ndipo amagwa kudalira kotheratu Polovtsian iliyonse yabwino.

nkhondo

Asilikali Polovtsian anali pamwamba, ndipo ichi chimatengedwa ngakhale kwa asayansi amakono. Komabe, mbiri wateteza lero si umboni kwambiri a amuna Polovtsian. Anecdotally, kuti adzipereke moyo wake zochitika asilikali anali munthu kapena mnyamata amene anali wokhoza kunyamula chabe mfuti. Izi Kodi kuganizira boma lake thanzi, kukula kwa thupi, ndi kufuna kwambiri. Koma popeza chipangizo oterowo alipo palibe anadandaula. Dziwani kuti zochitika asilikali Polovtsian sanali bwino kuyambira pachiyambi. Koma kunena kuti ali kusanduka pang'onopang'ono. azambiriyakale Byzantine analemba zoti anthu awa kumenyana ndi mauta, scimitars ndi javelins.

Munthu aliyense ankavala mkanjo kuti amasonyeza adzaupereka kwa asilikali. Linapangidwa wa nkhosa khungu, ndipo ali ndi wandiweyani ndi omasuka. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti aliyense wankhondo Polovtsian nawo pafupi 10 akavalo akanagwiritsa ntchito.

Mphamvu yaikulu ya asilikali Polovtsian kunali kuwala apakavalo. Kuwonjezera zida pamwamba, asilikali komanso anamenyana ndi thandizo la lupanga lake, lassos. Chinachake kenako iwo anali zida zankhondo lolemera. ankhondo awa ankavala wapadera zipewa, zida ndi unyolo makalata. Komabe, iwo nthawi zambiri zoopsa kwambiri kuopseza zina mdani.

Komanso mtengo kuzitchula ndi ntchito Polovtsy crossbows olemera ndi Greek moto. Kuti nawonso kuphunzira mu masiku pamene iwo ankakhala pafupi ndi Altai. Ndi anthu awa mwayi kuchita pafupifupi losagonjetseka kwa atsogoleri angapo lankhondo la nthawi akhoza kudzitama chifukwa cha zimenezo. Ntchito Greek moto nthawi zambiri anathandiza Polovtsy kugonjetsedwa ngakhale mzinda kwambiri mipanda yolimba kwambiri ndi kutetezedwa.

M'pofunikanso kupereka msonkho chakuti asilikali anali maneuverability chokwanira. Koma kupambana onse malonda akubwera uyu osaonekanso chifukwa cha liwiro otsika kayendedwe ka asilikali. Ngati zonse wongosamukasamuka, Polovtsy yagoletsa zambiri kupambana zikomo ku amaukira koopsa ndi zosayembekezereka adani, ambushes yaitali ndi chinyengo pankhondo. Iwo ankakonda chinthu kuukira m'midzi, amene sangathe kupereka kukana kofunika, ndipo makamaka kupambana Polovtsian. Komabe, asilikali zambiri anagonjetsa chifukwa chakuti sikokwanira asilikali akatswiri. Maphunziro a wamng'ono tcheru kwambiri. Phunzirani zina kungakhale kokha mu kuukira kumene ntchito yaikulu anali kuchita luso nkhondowo achikale.

Chirasha Polovtsian Nkhondo

nkhondo Chirasha Polovtsian otchedwa mndandanda wautali nkhondo lalikulu, limene anasewera pafupi zaka pafupifupi. Chimodzi mwa zifukwa anali kugunda wa zofuna za m'zigawozo mbali zonse, chifukwa Cumans anthu wosamukasamuka, amene ankafuna kugonjetsa m'mayiko ena. Chifukwa chachiwiri chinali Russia anali kudutsa nthawi yovuta ya kugawikana, ena olamulira anazindikira ogwirizana Polovtsian, kuchititsa mkwiyo ndi kuipidwa wa akalonga ena Russian.

zinali zomvetsa chisoni kwambiri mfundoyi, sanayambebe linalowererapo Vladimir Monomakh, amene cholinga chake polenga kugwirizana kwa mayiko onse a Lazaro.

Mbiri ya nkhondo Salnitsa

Mu 1103 pa ulendo oyamba kwa anthu yoyendayenda chipululu unachitikira akalonga Russian. Mwa njira, atagonjetsedwa wa Polovtsy unachitikira Dolobskogo Congress. Mu 1107 asilikali a Russia bwinobwino anagonjetsa Bonyak ndi Sharukan. kupambana ouziridwa Mzimu wopanduka ndi chigonjetso mu Russian moyo ankhondo, kotero kale mu 1109 Kiev Voevoda Dmitr Ivorovich analiza midzi kupatula lalikulu lomwe limafika Polovtsian pafupi Donets.

machenjerero Monomakh

Ndi ofunika ponena kuti kugonjetsedwa kwa Polovtsy (tsiku - March 27, 1111) anali mmodzi wa oyamba mu mndandanda wa chidzatha liti ano Russian mbiri asilikali. Chigonjetso Vladimira Monomaha ndi akalonga ena ankachita dala chigonjetso ndale, amene anali zotsatira kutali akuthwa. Russian anapambana ngakhale kuti ntchito mawu a kuchuluka anali pafupifupi imodzi ndi theka.

Masiku ano, anthu ambiri amadzifunsa zidzasintha kugonjetsedwa Polovtsy limene Prince anakhala kukwaniritsa? A chopereka yaikulu ndipo makamaka kwa mtengo Vladimira Monomaha, ankagwiritsa ntchito mwaluso mphatso wake monga mtsogoleri. Iye wachita zinthu zingapo zofunika. Choyamba, iye anazindikira bwino mfundo lakale limene limanena kuti m'pofunika kuwononga mdani pa malire ace, ndi magazi pang'ono. Kachiwiri Iye bwinobwino anagwiritsa ntchito zoyendera mphamvu nthawi, kulola yobereka yake wa asilikali oyenda kunkhondo pokhalabe mphamvu zawo ndi mzimu. Chifukwa chachitatu kulingalirapo machenjerero Monomakh chinali chifukwa chakuti ngakhale anayamba Pogoda zinthu kupambana chigonjetso aziti iyeyu n'ngwabwino - iye kukakamiza wongosamukasamuka kulimbana mu nyengo, zomwe sanawalole kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zonse asilikali ake.

Komabe, izi si mtengo kokha kwa Prince. Vladimir Monomakh Polovtsy kugonjetsedwa ndinaganiza ndendende, koma kukhazikitsa dongosolo, kunali koyenera kukwaniritsa pafupifupi zosatheka! Kuyamba, ife agwera mu maganizo a nthawi: Russia wakhala mantha, akalonga anagwiritsitsa kwawo mano, aliyense ankayesetsa kuchita zake, ndipo aliyense ankakhulupirira kuti yekha zabwino. Komabe Monomakh anatha kusonkhanitsa, kuyanjanitsa ndi kuyanjana ndi restive, wosamvera ngakhalenso opusa akalonga. Taganizirani nzeru, chipiriro ndi mtima zinatengera kuti Prince, n'zovuta ... Iye anadza kwa zidule, zidule ndi kukopa mwachindunji kuti mwina bwanji akalonga. The chifukwa anali zimatheka pang'onopang'ono, ndipo mezhusobitsy ndinayima. Ndi pa Dolobskom Congress anali akwaniritsa kumvetsa zikuluzikulu ndi mapangano pakati pa akalonga zosiyanasiyana.

Kugonjetsedwa kwa Polovtsy Monomakh komanso zinachitika chifukwa chakuti anakopa akalonga ena ntchito ngakhale serfs, kuti alimbitse asilikali. Poyamba, palibe yemwe ati akachedwa, chifukwa amayenera kumenya nkhondo yokha.

Kugonjetsedwa pa Salnitsa

Kampeni anayamba Lamlungu lachiwiri la Lenti. 111 February 26, asilikali a Russia pansi pa lamulo la Mgwirizano lonse la akalonga (Svjatopolka, Davide ndi Vladimir) walunjika kwa Sharukan. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti nkhondo ya asilikali Russian anali limodzi ndi kuyimba nyimbo limodzi ndi wansembe ndi mitanda. Izi ambiri ofufuza mbiri ya Russia anapeza kuti ntchitoyi anali mtanda. Iwo ankakhulupirira kuti kuchita zimenezi dala Monomakh kulera kukhulupirika, koma chinthu chachikulu - kuuzira asilikali, kuti akhoza kupha ndipo ayenera kupambana, chifukwa Mulungu mwiniyo akutiuza kuti iwo. Ndipotu, Vladimir Monomakh akutembenukira ku nkhondo kwambiri polimbana ndi Russian Polovtsy nkhondo wolungama chifukwa cha chikhulupiriro ovomerezedwa.

Pamaso pa nkhondo malo asilikali anabwera pambuyo poti masiku 23. Ulendo kunali kovuta, koma chifukwa cha nkhondoyo mzimu, nyimbo, ndi okwanira chakudya cha nkhondo wokongola, choncho, mu nkhondo wokonzeka zonse. Pa tsiku 23 asilikali anafika ku mabanki a ku Seversky Donets.

Dziwani kuti Sharukan anawapereka iwo wopanda nkhondo, mwamsanga ndithu - pa tsiku 5 kuzinga wankhanza. Anthu anapereka ankhondowo vinyo ndi nsomba - monga mfundo zonyozeka, koma ananena kuti anthu apa anali amangokhala. Komanso NPGs Russian kutenthedwa. Midzi iwiri amene anawonongedwa, mayina a khans lapansi. Awa ndi mizinda iwiri, imene anamenyana asilikali mu 1107, koma ndiye Khan Sharukan anathawa zochitika za nkhondo, ndi NPGs anali mkaidi nkhondo.

Kale pa March 24 inali mbewu yoyamba ya nkhondo imene polovtsy padera mphamvu zake zonse. Izo zinachitika pafupi ndi Donets. Kugonjetsedwa kwa Polovtsy Vladimir Monomakh anabwera mochedwa, pamene nkhondo zinachitika Salnitsa mtsinje. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti mwezi yodzaza. Izi wachiwiri ndipo ambiri Chofunika mbali ziwiri nkhondo imene Russian anapambana apo.

Kugonjetsedwa lalikulu la Russian ratyami Polovtsy, tsiku limene kale analimbikitsa lonse Kipchak anthu, chifukwa yotsirizira anali lalikulu n'zosangalatsa kumva ntchito ku nkhondo. Iwo anali otsimikiza kufunga Koma sanathe angakane osonyeza nkhonya wa asilikali Russian. Kwa anthu ndi asilikali akunde Polovtsy Vladimir Monomakh kukondwera kwambiri ndi kusangalala chochitika, chifukwa china chabwino wakhala analandira ukapolo wa akapolo m'tsogolo, ndipo ambiri Chofunika - chigonjetso adagonja!

zotsatira

Zotsatira za chochitika chachikulu ichi zinkachitika. Kugonjetsedwa kwa Polovtsy (chaka 1111) kunasintha mu mbiri za nkhondo Chirasha Polovtsian. Pambuyo nkhondo Polovtsy anatsimikiza kamodzi kokha wauka kwa malire a maukulu Russian. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti iwo anachita izo pambuyo pa kukhala mu dziko lina adachoka Sviatopolk (zaka ziwiri pambuyo nkhondo). Komabe Cumans anakhazikitsa kukhudzana ndi latsopano Prince Vladimir. Mu 1116 asilikali a Russia anapanga ndawala kwambiri ndi Polovtsy n'kuulanda mizinda itatu. Kugonjetsedwa komaliza kwa Polovtsy anathyola makhalidwe awo, ndipo posapita wadutsa mu utumiki wa mfumu Chijojiya David mmisiri. Kipchak sanayankhe ndawala otsiriza Russian kuposa kutsimikizira kuchepa chikutha.

Patapita zaka zingapo iye anatumiza Monomakh Polovtsian Jaropolk kufunafuna Don, koma kulibe aliyense.

magwero

Ambiri mbiri Russian zokhudza mwambo umene wakhala ofunika kwambiri kwa mtundu wonse. Kugonjetsedwa Polovtsev Vladimirom analimbitsa mphamvu zake, komanso chikhulupiriro cha anthu mwa mphamvu zawo ndiponso kalonga awo. Ngakhale kuti mbali ya nkhondo Salnitsa anafotokoza mu malo ambiri, ambiri mwatsatanetsatane "chithunzi" cha nkhondo akhoza opezeka Ipatiev Chronicle.

Chochitika chofunika kwambiri chinali kugonjetsedwa kwa Polovtsy. Russia masautso zochitika anabwera imathandiza. Ndipo onse ino zikomo zotheka kuyesetsa Vladimira Monomaha. Kuchuluka kwa mphamvu ndi nzeru iye padera mu izo kupulumutsa Russia kwa adaniwo! Pamene iye mwaiganizira m'kupita ntchito lonse! Iye ankadziwa kuti Russian wakhala anali ngati wovulalayo, chifukwa Polovtsy anaukira woyamba, ndipo anthu Russia akanangokhoza kuteteza. Monomah anamvetsa kuti ayambe kuukira, chifukwa amalenga zotsatira anadabwa, komanso linamasuliridwa kuchokera asilikali a chitetezo boma chikhalidwe patsogolo, lomwe ndi ndewu ndi mwamphamvu mu thupi okwana. Pozindikira kuti wongosamukasamuka kuyamba maulendo awo m'chaka, ngati ali pafupifupi asilikali palibe phazi, iye anasankha kugonjetsedwa Polovtsy kumapeto kwa dzinja, kumana iwo mwa gulu lalikulu. Komanso, ngati kusuntha zinali ndi ubwino. Agwira chakuti nyengo Polovtsian mosatsata maneuverability awo, omwe anali sangathe mu zikhalidwe za yozizira anaona. Akukhulupirira kuti nkhondo ya Salnitsa ndi kugonja Polovtsy mu 1111 - woyamba chigonjetso chachikulu ndi lingaliro la Russia wakale, chimene chinapangidwa zikomo zotheka ndalama njira Vladimira Monomaha.