Kukonzekera la ammonia mu zasayansi ndi sikelo mafakitale

Amoniya (NH3) ndi pawiri mankhwala a haidrojini ndi asafe. Iwo nalo dzina lake pa mawu Greek «hals ammniakos» kapena Latin «sal ammoniacus» omwe anamasuliridwa Odinokova - "amoniya". Ndi chinthu otchedwa ammonium mankhwala enaake chinapezeka mu laku Libya chipululu madzi ammonium.

Amoniya imatengedwa chinthu poizoni kwambiri amatha kukhumudwitsa nembanemba mucous cha maso ndi kapepala kupuma. Zizindikiro chachikulu cha poyizoni wa ammonia ndi lacrimation kwambiri, dyspnea ndi kutupa m'mapapo mwanga. Pa nthawi yomweyo, amoniya - mankhwala wapatali chimene chimagwiritsidwa ntchito yokonza zidulo zochita kupanga, mwachitsanzo, nitric, cyanide, komanso urea ndi asafe salt. Phula amoniya - ndi yabwino ntchito sing'anga m'firiji muli ndi makina, chifukwa ali ndi kutentha yaikulu enieni vaporization. Amadzimadzi amoniya zothetsera ntchito ngati manyowa madzi komanso kwa ammoniation superphosphate fetereza, ndi zosakaniza zace.

Kukonzekera la ammonia ku mpweya flue pa coking ndi njira yakale kwambiri ndi kwambiri zilipo, koma pano iwo idatha ndipo pafupifupi ntchito.

Modern ndi zofunika njira ndi kubala amoniya makampani zochokera ndondomeko Haber. Kwenikweni ake ndi anzake mwachindunji asafe ndi wa hydrogen, kumene kumachitika chifukwa cha kutembenuka mpweya hydrocarbon. The feedstock ambiri amaoneka gasi, gasi, mafuta kuyenga, mpweya mafuta kudutsa mpweya yotsalira ku ulimi wa acetylene. njira yopangira amoniya kutembenuka tichipeza mu decomposing ndi methane ndi homologs ake ndi zigawo mkulu kutentha wa hydrogen ndi mpweya monoxide ndi oxidants - mpweya ndi madzi nthunzi. Pamene mpweya izi admixed kwa mpandadenga mpweya wabwino mpweya, kapena mpweya mumlengalenga. Poyamba, zimene kubala amoniya pa maziko a mpweya wotembenuka uyenda kuchokela kutentha, koma ndi kuchepa mu buku la mankhwala kuyambira zotani:

N2 + 3H2 ↔ 2NH3 + 45,9 KJ

Komabe, ulimi wa amoniya pamlingo mafakitale ikuchitika ntchito chothandizira ndi m'mikhalidwe yokumba moti kuonjezera zokolola za chotsirizidwa. Mu mlengalenga, kumene yokonza amoniya kumawonjezera kuthamanga kwa atmospheres 350, ndiponso kutentha limatuluka kuti madigiri 500 Celsius. Pansi pa zikhalidwe izi, zokolola la ammonia - pafupifupi 30%. Gasi kuchotsedwa zone anachita kudzera yozizira njira, ndi asafe ndi wa hydrogen, amene si anachita adzabwezedwa kwa kaphatikizidwe mzati ndi kuti abwerere nawo zochita. Pa kaphatikizidwe, m'pofunika kwambiri kuyeretsa mpweya osakaniza kwa ziphe chothandizira, zinthu angathe cabe catalysts kanthu. zomangira ndi nthunzi ya madzi, NKHA, Monga, P, Se, O2, S.

Monga chothandizira mu asafe ndi kaphatikizidwe wa hydrogen zochita akutumikira porous zitsulo aloyi zitsulo zotayidwa ndi potaziyamu oxides. Only thunthu la onse 20 zikwi kale anayamba, amakwaniritsa mgwirizano anachita. Mfundo imeneyi yodalirika amoniya ndi ndalama zambiri.

Kukonzekera la ammonia zasayansi zochokera kusamutsidwa luso izo kuchokera salt ndi ammonium wa alkalis amphamvu. Schematically, zimene ali motere:

2NH4CI + Ca (o) 2 = 2NH3 ↑ + CaCl2 + 2H2O

kapena

NH4Cl + NaOH = NH3 ↑ + NaCl + H2O

Kuchotsa madzi owonjezera ndi amoniya youma, ndi imfa kudzera osakaniza hydroxide ndi sodium ndi laimu. Kukonzekera la ammonia youma kwambiri zimatheka ndi Kutha zitsulo ndi sodium momwemo ndipo anayamba distillation wa kusakaniza. Nthawi zambiri maganizo akutsatiridwa mu dongosolo chatsekedwa pansi zitsulo kuyamwa. Komanso, dongosolo otero ayenera kupirira kuthamanga zomwe zimatheka kuima ndi nthuzi amoniya kuti atmospheres 10 firiji.