Asayansi atulukira ndi zoyambitsidwa mu Ages Middle. Science mu Ages Middle

Century, amatchedwa zikutanthauza m'mbiri ya lililonse dziko kutenga nthawi zosiyana. Ambiri, monga ulamuliro, mwa njira iyi akutchedwa kusiyana V m'zaka za m'ma XV, kuwerengera ku 476, pamene kugwa kwa Western Roma.

Chikhalidwe cha masiku amakedzana zatha pozunzidwa mwankhanza wa akunjawo lapansi. Ichi ndi chimodzi mwa zifukwa zimene Ages Middle, kotero nthawi zambiri amatchedwa mdima kapena wachisoni. Pamodzi ndi damping Ufumu wa Roma mbisoweka ndi kuunika chifukwa ndi kukongola kwa luso. Komabe, asayansi atulukira ndi zoyambitsidwa mu Ages Middle - umboni kwambiri kuti ngakhale zovuta kwambiri nthawi anthu amalowerera kusunga nzeru yofunika kwambiri ndi Komanso kukhala nawo. Mu gawo ili chifukwa Chikhristu, koma chiwerengero chachikulu pa zinthu zakale anasunga zikomo asayansi Arab.

m'munsi Ufumu

Science mu Ages Middle, makamaka anayamba m'malo. Atagwa Roma, zapamwamba nzeru wakale anakhala Byzantium, komwe ndi nthawi Mpingo wa Chikhristu wachita yofunika, kuphatikizapo ntchito ndale. Mu malaibulale a Constantinople mchitidwe umenewu ukhalebe ntchito za anzeru kwambiri wa Greece ndi Rome. Zokambirana za m'ma IX, Bishop Leo masamu anathera nthawi yambiri. Iye anali mmodzi mwa akatswiri asayansi woyamba amene akhala ntchito zilembo monga zizindikiro masamu, amene makamaka amapereka ufulu amamutcha m'modzi wa omwe adayambitsa cha masamu ameneŵa.

Pa gawo la alembi mchitidwe umenewu popanga mabuku a ntchito wakale, ndemanga. Masamu, kumene pansi arches awo, Anakhalanso maziko a zomangamanga ndipo watikonzera yomanga chitsanzo ngati luso Byzantine, monga mpingo wa Hagia Sophia.

Pali zifukwa zokwanira kukhulupirira kuti Byzantines analenga mapu anapita ku China ndi India, chinali chidziwitso cha malo ndi zinyama. Komabe, masiku ano zambiri za boma, amene anatsalira sayansi mu Zapakati pa dera la kum'mawa Roma, ndi sakudziwika kwa ife. Iye anaikidwa mu zotsalira za mizinda, kaŵirikaŵiri ndi Adani m'nthawi ya Ufumu wa Byzantine.

Science m'mayiko Arab

kudziwa zambiri wakale yapangidwa kunja Europe. Arab Caliphate, kumene mchikakamizo cha chikhalidwe wakale, makamaka opulumutsidwa kudziwa osati kuchokera akunjawo, komanso kwa mpingo, zomwe, ngakhale abwino kuteteza nzeru mu mchitidwe, koma kuwalandira, ntchito zonse za sayansi, kufunafuna kudziteteza malowedwe a mpatuko. Patapita nthawi chidziwitso wakale, wodzilemekeza ndiponso kubwereza kuzilemba, anabwerera ku Ulaya.

Pa dera la Arab Caliphate mu Ages Middle anayamba nambala yaikulu sayansi: madera, nzeru, masamu, Optics, sayansi.

Manambala ndi kayendedwe ka mapulaneti

Zakuthambo makamaka zochokera "Almagest" Ptolemy ndi lonena wotchuka. Ine ndikudabwa dzina la ntchito wasayansi analandira, chifukwa m'Chiarabu ndipo kenako kachiwiri anabwerera ku Ulaya. zakuthambo Arab kuti osati anasunga kudziwa Greek, komanso kuonjezera iwo. Choncho, iwo ankaganiza kuti Lapansi ndi dera, ndipo anakwanitsa kuyeza Arc wa meridian, kuti kuwerengera kukula kwa dzikoli. Akatswiri Arab anapatsa dzina nyenyezi zambiri, motero kuwonjezera kufotokozera mu "Almagest". Komanso, mmizinda yayikulu anamangira Observatory.

Medieval Aluya atulukira ndi zoyambitsidwa m'munda wa masamu anali yaikulu kwambiri. Kuti maikowa zimachokera ajebura ndi ndikuyenda. Ngakhale mawu "chithunzi" ndi lochokera Arabic ( "Cipher" amatanthauza "ziro").

Mugone malonda

Zambiri zimene asayansi atulukira ndi zoyambitsidwa mu Ages Middle, Aluya anali anabwereka kwa anthu amene nthawi zonse ankagulitsa. Kudzera maikowa ku Ulaya ku India ndi China anali kampasi, onga, pepala. Aluya Komanso, ikulongosola za limati kudzera zomwe iwo anali kupita, ndipo anakumana ndi anthu, kuphatikizapo Asilavo.

M'mayiko Arab akhala gwero la kusintha chikhalidwe. Akukhulupirira kuti apa kupangidwa foloko. Pa dera la limati Chisilamu anayamba anabwera Byzantium, ndipo kenako mu Ulaya.

Theological ndi akunja sayansi

asayansi atulukira ndi zoyambitsidwa mu Ages Middle pa dera la ku Ulaya Mkhristu anaonekera makamaka m'malo. M'ma VIII, chidziwitso, amene anamvera, nkhawa malemba opatulika ndi choonadi. Adziko sayansi anayamba kusukulu pa tchalitchi kokha nthawi ya ulamuliro Karla Velikogo. Galamala ndi apamwamba, zakuthambo, logic, masamu ndi masamu, komanso nyimbo (otchedwa asanu luso aufulu) Poyamba zizipezeka kudziwa, koma pang'onopang'ono anayamba kufalitsa maphunziro pa anthu onse. Ndi chiyambi cha XI m'ma kunyumba sukulu anayamba kusandulika ku yunivesite. masukulu akudziko anali pang'onopang'ono mu France, England, Czech Republic, Spain, Portugal, Poland.

chopereka Special kuti chitukuko cha sayansi ndi masamu Fibonacci, zachilengedwe Witelo mmonke Rodzher Bekon. Otsiriza, makamaka ankaganiza kuti mathamangidwe kuwala ndi amalire ndi Pamilunguyo kungoganizira, ndi pafupi ku chiphunzitso yoweyula kafalitsidwe.

The inexorable kayendedwe ka patsogolo

Luso atulukira ndi zoyambitsidwa mu zaka XI-XV anapereka dziko kwambiri, popanda imene sizingatheke kukwaniritsa mlingo wa patsogolo, ndilo khalidwe la anthu masiku ano. Zimakhala njira chipangizo za madzi ndi makina oyendera mphepo. M'malo mwa nthawi belu muyeso, anadza wotchi makina. Mu XII ndi ofufuza m'ma anayamba ntchito kampasi kuti lathu. Onga kupangidwa ku China mu VI zaka Anabweretsa ndi Aluya, anayamba mbali yofunika kwambiri pa ntchito European asilikali okha ndi XIV atumwi, pamene kupangidwa ndi mfuti.

M'zaka za m'ma XII ku Ulaya komanso anakumana ndi pepala. Kuthi anatsegula, chopangidwa kuchokera ku zipangizo zosiyanasiyana abwino. Mu yomweyi, osauka thabwa (nkhuni chosema), umene pang'onopang'ono unalowa m'malo mwa osindikizira. maonekedwe ake mu Europe kunayamba m'ma XV.

Zoyambitsidwa ndi asayansi atulukira pa zaka za m'ma 17, komanso onse wotsatira makamaka chifukwa cha zomwe akatswiri akale. Alchemical Pofunafuna, akuyesera kuti apeze m'mphepete mwa dziko, kufuna kusungabe cholowa cha amakedzana kunatheka patsogolo anthu mu Kubadwa Kwatsopano ndi masiku ano. asayansi atulukira ndi zoyambitsidwa mu Ages Middle chinathandiza mapangidwe dziko lathu bwino. N'chifukwa chake, mwina kungakhale kum'lakwira kuitana nyengo imeneyi ya m'mbiri kwadzaoneni yowawitsa, kukumbukira kokha kusaka ndi chiphunzitso cha chipembedzo cha nthawi.