Kuti amagulitsidwa mabotolo a winemakers, Ofulula moŵa ndi akatswiri: mumaganiza ma CD chitukuko

Kugwirizana woyamba, anapempha kuti ayankhe funso la chimene chogulitsidwa mabotolo pafupifupi onse mofanana - vinyo.

Ngakhale Russia zambiri zokwanira osanenapo mowa wamphamvu ndi mowa, woimira bwino galasi botolo. Timakumbukira mkaka botolo, PET polutoralitrovye chakumwa chamandimu, mankhwala banja mu pulasitiki, mafuta mpendadzuwa ndi zosungunulira.

mbiri

Pakuti yosungirako ndi mayendedwe a mafuta ndi vinyo oimira mitundu wakale ntchito ndi zikopa za nyama ndi chosema muli matabwa ndi ziwiya ceramic. The zinachitika wa mabotolo masiku ano, ndithudi, ku Egypt amphora: ofukula ziwiya yopapatiza khosi kunyamula ndi kusunga onse mowa ndi vinyo, ndi mafuta.

muli galasi kwa yosungirako zakumwa wakhala ntchito zaka zoposa zikwi zitatu zapitazo (1700 BC. E.). muli galasi anapanga khwatsi phala. ndondomeko wakhala kumva, nthawi yambiri ndipo nthawi yaitali. Ndiyeno yekha, pamene anatulukira ndi blowpipe (1-2 m'ma BC. E.), ndondomeko The anakhala mosavuta. Aroma katswiri kupanga mankhwala galasi, chikusintha mawonekedwe ndi mphamvu ziwiya.

Pambuyo pa zaka 13 Venetian ambuye nkhani anawoloka kunja kwa dziko ndipo anayamba kukakamiza kulikonse kumene kunkafunika kusunga ndi zakumwa zoyendera ngakhale anali Chimaona ndithu.

M'zaka za m'ma 17 British uvuni patenti kwa khala ndi mfuti. mankhwala galasi akhala mphamvu mu ng'anjo zidatheka mfuti ya mabotolo mdima. Winemakers anawazindikira ichi ndi moyenera, kamodzi setifiketi botolo loyamba la vinyo (1661, England).

Chifukwa galasi?

Ubwino wa galasi kutsogolo kwa dothi ndi zoonekeratu: apamwamba kumva kuwawa kukana, m'munsi brittleness, chilungamo pafupifupi onse. Mkulu transportability anapereka wotchipa kupanga ndondomeko (makina kwa kupanga galasi anali okhala mu 1901) wakhala kawirikawiri kufala kwa galasi. Ukhondo, zosavuta kuyeretsa osalimba lililonse ndi mtundu - ubwino akuwonjezeka chachikulu, ndi galasi ma CD wakhala chofunika kwambiri.

Kuti amagulitsidwa mabotolo a winemakers galasi lero?

Setifiketi kwa botolo la vinyo kuyambira m'zaka za m'ma 17 Sichinatsitsidwe masinthidwe aakulu.

Wotchuka kwambiri ndi misa ankaona Bordeaux botolo, izo zikhoza anazindikira mwa lenileni ndi mapewa a pansi concave. Izo ntchito kudzaza la vinyo wofiira ndi woyera.

Pakuti mabotolo Burgundian yodziwika ndi mapewa mumbali, ichi ndi wachiwiri kukula muli galasi vinyo.

Kukokera botolo la Burgundy amatchedwa "chitoliro", icho poyamba anamasulidwa ku Germany.

Wotchuka botolo la vinyo wothwanima kupangidwa (by nthano, limapanga vinyo wothwanima "ufumu Perignon") mmonke Pierre Perignon. Mbali ya ma CD ili ndi khoma makulidwe, ndi wapadera capping zolemeletsedwa pansi.

Muli kwa mowa wamphamvu ndi mizimu

Pa nthawi imene Soviet nzika za dziko musati womasuka pa kufupika kwa mitundu akufuna galasi, imene kutsanulira mowa wamphamvu, burande ndi ramu. vodika zogulitsa The unapangidwa bungwe kumbuyo muli galasi: anthu mabotolo zauve anatengedwa, ndiye iwo inakokolola chizindikiro, anapanga makina wapadera kutsuka pokhapokha izo kachiwiri botolo lodzala ndi mowa wamphamvu. chidebe Chitsanzo mandala ndi mdima mabotolo wobiriwira - 0.5 lita, osachepera 0,25.

Masiku ano Amathana vodika opanga Timasangalalanso osati wapadera zili ndi maudindo, komanso mawonekedwe. mabotolo galasi Traditional Soviet kupita mmphepete mwa njira, kupereka njira chitukuko cha mitundu kapangidwe ndi monogram ndi chizindikiro zokongola. Nthawi zambiri, ma CD lero pankhani.

Mowa Glass kapena PET

chidebe Traditional moŵa pambuyo botolo mowa makapu galasi imatengedwa kuti: woyera, mandala, zobiriwira, woderapo. Pamaso 1970, izo ananena ndi galasi chifukwa bottling mowa.

mabotolo zopangidwa kuchokera polyethylene terephthalate (PET) wakhala chopanda malire njira kwa galasi lolemera. ziwiya kulemera pulasitiki mowa (ndi zakumwa zina) 0.5 L - 28 magalamu okwana, ndi galasi akulemera magalamu 350.

Opanga mabotolo PET ubwino wa chidebe ichi monga mtengo wotsika, ndiponso chomasuka akuchitira, ndipo aesthetics, ndi recyclability.

Kuipa muli PET

Chotchinga zimatha mabotolo PET musalole zakumwa kusungidwa mu mphamvu yaitali. Ichi ndi chifukwa chakuti ang'onoang'ono kukula kwa mamolekyulu mpweya (mpweya ndi mpweya woipa) ndithu mosavuta mkatikati unyolo mkulu maselo dongosolo kulemera polyethylene. Komanso chotchinga kwa UV kunyezimira.

Choncho, katundu zakumwa enaake zosiyanasiyana. Mu Germany, mowa mabotolo PET zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito milungu iwiri. opanga zoweta kuika tolerances lalikulu - mpaka miyezi inayi.

Kuti amagulitsidwa mabotolo a PET, kupatula mowa?

The kampani "PepsiCo" woyamba kugwiritsa ntchito ma CD zimenezi kwa zakumwa zoziziritsa kukhosi. Mu 1974, fakitare kwa kupanga mabotolo PET inamangidwa Novorossiysk kampani imeneyi.

The ntchito yopangira ngati chidebe kuti anali mmodzi wa otchuka kwambiri ndipo lipindulitsa: zolowa mkulu limachititsa kupeza ndalama khola ndi ndalama kochepa. Za gawo mtengo wa mabotolo mu mtengo komaliza wanena kuti: 90% ya mtengo wa madzi mchere ndi mtengo wa chidebe.

Mu Russia lero PET kufunika pa kudzaza athunthu - ndi mkaka, masamba mafuta ndi timadziti. Kwa zakudya ndi mafuta muyezo mphamvu - 0.9-1 L. timadziti waikidwa kumasulidwa ku lita 0.1 kuti okwanira 1.

Madzi a m'botolo mchere mu Russia ndi zochepa kufunika mu galasi kuposa PET. Izi ndi chifukwa seasonality wa katundu ndi malonda stereotype woyikidwa mankhwala watsopano ku Russia pagulu (kuyambira 1990).

Mabotolo zopangidwa pulasitiki ndipo zotayidwa, komwe ndi chifukwa

Ku funso lakuti: "Kodi chogulitsidwa mabotolo zopangidwa pulasitiki" - yankho momveka bwino: mankhwala banja, zonunkhira ndi mafakitale utoto.

N'zosatheka kuyerekeza khitchini popanda mabotolo aliyense ndi osiyana zhirosmyvatelyami ndi banga removers. Yaikulu kusankha mankhwala ochapira tsitsi, angakhale angelo, conditioners mu mabotolo pulasitiki kapena zotayidwa ndi zodabwitsa.

Galimoto ndi utoto zomangamanga, enamels Kohler opangidwa ndi opanga osati muli lalikulu, komanso misa msika mu chidebe pulasitiki.