Leonid Andreev: yonena ndi ntchito

Nkhani zambiri za Leonid Andreev kuyamba uthenga umene iye anali tate wa Russian Expressionism (maziko a kukuchititsa zimenezi si chifaniziro cha zenizeni ndi dziko lamkati la wolemba, iyo imapanga). Ngakhale kuti nthawi zambiri pamodzi ndi tanthauzo limeneli luso m'nthawi yake zimachitika njira wake ndi ovuta Kuzindikira ndi Wachiwiri-Kuzindikira ndi Kuzindikira wosangalatsa ndi zongoganiza weniweni.

Kupanda umembala m'njira inayake

Leonid Andreev, amene kulumikizidwa pa ntchito njira yachidule ambiri, nthawi zina sanathe chimatanthauza osiyana kwa otaya iliyonse. Wolemba mu kalata limakhulupirira Gorky anafunsa iye ali kwenikweni, monga kwa aipa ali realist, ndi moyenera - symbolist. Ntchito yake, ndi luso ndi pachiyambi wolemba ankafuna kukwaniritsa kaphatikizidwe, kapena osachepera kuyanjanitsa mbali ziwiri kudziwa dziko, moyo ndi zonse chikumenyana mu malingaliro ake - aipa ndiponso zoti tingakwanitse.

Awiri mu umodzi

Ndi Kuzindikira bwino. Ndipo kodi makhalidwe otayirira? yomasulira Direct zikutanthauza kuchepa kapena mgwirizano chikhalidwe. The luso ndi mabuku - ndi modernist malangizo amene amakhala ndi njira kwambiri kwa aestheticism, anthu azikhala ndi amorality kapena chiwerewere. Ndipo awa awiri monyanyira matanthauzo ofananafanana ankafuna kuti lithe ntchito yake, Leonid Andreev. Zonsezi ndi mbali ya pachiyambi talente yake wanzeru, ndi prose wake anali pomwepo kuzindikira ngakhale kuti anali ndi mphatso ya kulemba mwaluso pansi munthu - kaya pansi Garshina, kaya pansi Chekhov ndi Dostoevsky, ntchito imene chidwi. Kuyenera anawonjezera kuti paunyamata kenako mu moyo wake ankawerenga Schopenhauer ndi Nietzsche, ndipo anasonyeza kuti akuthandizeni zawo zauzimu.

makolo

Leonid Andreev anabadwa mu banja mwachilungamo olemera. Makolo agogo anali mtsogoleri wa otchuka, ndi agogo - mpanda wolimba. Nkhaniyi anapita agogo wokongola. A ankatha chilungamo ndi kufuna kumwa - bambo ake, kuyeza, taxotere (evaluator), amene anafa chifukwa cha uchidakwa pa zaka 42. A chikondi cha zonse wolemba wokongola ayenera mayi - woimirira wa osauka banja Polish mfulu, kumukonda ndi mtima wonse. Choncho, mu mzinda wa Orel mu boma banja August 21, 1871 anabadwa tsogolo, "Chirasha anzeru masinfikisi", monga otchedwa a m'nthawi yake.

wojambula zofufuzafufuza

ABCs anaphunzira pa zaka 6 ndipo anapitiriza moyo wake chizolowezi kuwerenga voraciously. M'deralo sekondale Orel analowa m'badwo wa 11, anaphunzira kanthu, koma ntchito - kuwombola anthu mungaithetsere - adalemba kalasi lonse, ndipo adali onse osiyana mu kalembedwe. Koma kulemba aliyense Leonid Andreev sanaganize, chifukwa anali otanganidwa kwathunthu zojambula. Iye anakhala katswiri wa zojambulajambula kuyambira Orel munalibe sukulu luso, koma luso kudzatunga nthawi yomweyo bwino kudyetsa banja lake - anali analipira 11 rubles chifukwa chithunzi ndi. Zaka pambuyo pa imfa wolemba ntchito yake anayamba kuonetsa pa zisudzo lonse, pamodzi ndi katswiri wa ambuye kupenta, m'nthawi yake.

Ku St. Petersburg ku Moscow

Ndiye Leonid Andreev yonena amene adzakhala nthawi chikugwirizana ndi mzindawo pa Neva Mtsinje akulowa University Metropolitan mu dipatimenti ya jurisprudence. Koma posakhalitsa bambo ake anamwalira, ndipo banja afika pa nkhani zimenezi straitened, yomwe Nthawi zambiri njala iwo onse. Mwachibadwa, zinthu pamene pa mapewa ake anagona nkhawa zimenezi, wolemba m'tsogolo apolitical kwathunthu. Atachoka likulu, makolo ake anasamukira ku njere Moscow, kumene Andreev ndi nthawi, ndiyenera kunena, bwinobwino kwambiri maphunziro dipatimenti makalata a University of Moscow, ndi ufulu kugwira ntchito mu ntchito malamulo. Pamene amaphunzira kwa zaka zisanu.

Amorous ndi maganizo

M'pofunika amatchula kuti chidwi wokongola munthu ndi zinthu wosakhwima anali akazi wokondedwa ndipo anawakonda kutifotokozera - sakanatha kukhala popanda chikondi. Ndipo poyamba ndinali kudzipha: moyo wake wonse wakhala akuyesetsa atatu kuthawa moyo - kuti unyamata wake ndi kupusa mu zaka 16 zikukhazikitsa pakati pa njanji (fatalist), kenako anamuombera yekha mu mtima wa bwenzi chokana naye. Kwenikweni, kuyesa kachiwiri zinachititsa kuti ziwonongeke mtima ndipo imfa oyambirira.

Anazindikira nkhani yoyamba

Chiyambi cha ntchito yake zolembalemba wolemba Leonid Andreyev anafotokoza kuti chaka cha 1898. Ndi pamene "Courier", imene ankalandira kulemba malonda yaitali, nkhani mbali, ndi zolemba zina, lofalitsidwa nkhani yake yoyamba, "Bargamot ndi Garas'ko". Pa chabwino cha, talente choyambirira n'chakuti, nthawi yomweyo pambuyo pa nkhani woyamba wolemba anamuona owerenga, otsutsa ndi limakhulupirira Gorky, amene yomweyo anamuitana mu anthu "Chidziwitso" ndi timudziwe bwino padziko lonse wolemba. Pa L. N. Andreeve analankhula, ndipo pamene mu 1901 anafalitsa nkhani yake "Kalekale," iye anatchuka kwambiri, wokondedwa, anavomera.

Kutchuka zosaneneka

Leonid Andreev, amene yonena tsopano inseparably kugwirizana okha ndi kulemba ntchito, anali mlembi amazipanga wotchuka. Panali nthawi pamene iye anasiya mu kutchuka osati Veresaeva ndi Bunin, koma Gorky, ndi malipiro a anali popemphera. Malinga ndi mdzukulu wake, iye analipira 5 rubles golidi pa mzere (mzere ndi mzere mu Russia, chifukwa chokhacho kumulipira). M'mabokosi pakusimba kuti nkhuku ndiye ndalama masenti 14. Leonid Andreyev zazikulu zolembalemba chinenero, nkhani yachilendo, prose ake analanda. Zidzasintha ntchito za "Yudasi Iskarioti", "maganizo", "Moyo Vasiliya Fiveyskogo", nkhani ya "Iye" kuti m'nthawi otchedwa mwaluso a Russian Gothic - aliyense ntchito yake kuyembekezera, kuwerenga mobwerezabwereza, kukambirana kulikonse.

An odzipereka odana Soviet

Leonida Andreeva zilandiridwenso pafupifupi osadziwika m'badwo pano. Owerenga Soviet simunazidziwe izo mpaka 60s, ndi mlandu «SOS» - pamtima atsogoleri Western kupulumutsa Russia ku Bolsheviks. Izi akhoza sadzakhululukidwa. Mwina posachedwapa kuti idzasintha, chifukwa ena a nkhani za wolemba m'gulu maphunziro kusukulu. Bright zosayembekezereka, chiwembu amazipotokola, bwino olembedwa mu zilankhulo bwino mankhwala linanena bungwe la wolemba wanzeru pamwamba ya Silver Age mabuku Russian. Aliyense wa mwana wake kwathunthu kuti n'zovuta Ena a iwo pachimake kulenga. Mwina anthu adzakhala buku "Diary Satana", kaya yatha. Wosasangalala Satana Andreev, mwazunguliza kuzungulira chala chake anthu akhala anzeru ndi amacita nkhanza izo kulandira chifundo owerenga ndi chisoni oona mtima. Komabe, "The Galasi wa Russian utasintha" anabwereza za Leonid Andreev akunyoza Baibulo, koma admirers wolemba uyu sanali adatchithisira.

mtundu wa emigration

Mosiyana ndi munthu wina aliyense pa ntchito yake, Ln Andreev mu moyo sikunali kokwanira kuti munthu ngati. Iye ankakhoza bwino kulikonse. Mkazi wake woyamba anali mwana wa mkulu wa Taras Shevchenko vnuchatnaya - Veligorodskaya Alexander, amene anamwalira chifukwa cha malungo postpartum. The mkazi wachiwiri anali Anna Ilinichna Denisevich, lomwe linali kokha zolembalemba mlembi wake. Atakwatira banja lonse chachikulu anasamukira ku kwawo, anagula mu Chifinishi m'mudzi Vammelsu. zaka 1916-1917 Andreev unachitikira ku St. Petersburg, koma October kuukira boma analephera kwambiri mawu zotheka. Iye anabwerera ku Finland, umene posachedwapa anasiya Russia. Wolemba nkhani zodabwitsa monga "zisanu anaphedwa" ndi "Red kuseka", monga Ilya Repin mu Penates wake, anakhala ochokera m'mayiko akunja.

Ulendo Wobwerera Kunyumba

Leonid Andreyev, kanthawi yonena amene alidi yochepa kwambiri, ngati zoona, moyo ... Wolemba anamwalira ali ndi zaka 48 ku matenda a mtima. Sanafe kunyumba, ndipo pa mnzake F. N. Falkovskogo. Imfa zinachitika September 12, 1919. Iye anaikidwa mu Marioka. Komabe, mu 1956 kuti pakhale reburial matupi pa "Literatorskie jetty" - malo pa za Volkov manda mu Leningrad. Ana wolemba tikukhala mu Paris, America, ndi zina - mu Moscow, kubwerera amene ali okonzeka kuthandiza Kliment Voroshilov.