Lev Vygotsky: yonena, chithunzi ndi zilandiridwenso

Apadera wasayansi Vygotskiy Lev Semenovich, ntchito yaikulu imene amakhala mu thumba golide wa dziko la maganizo, anali kwambiri mu moyo wake waufupi. Iye anaika maziko ambiri mumaganiza wotsatira mu pedagogy komanso sayansi, ena mwa maganizo ake adakali kuyembekezera chitukuko. Zamaganizo Lev Vygotsky a gulu la asayansi kwambiri Russian, chomwe chili erudition, anzeru luso losafuna ndiponso sayansi.

Banja ndi Childhood

Lev Vygotsky, amene yonena ndi anayamba mu banja wolemera Ayuda m'tauni ya Orsha anabadwa pa November 17, 1896. dzina lake pobadwa anali Vygotsky, iye anasintha kuyambira mu 1923. Dzina la Atate, Simcha, koma m'njira Russian adzatchedwa mbewu. Makolo Leo anaphunzira ndi anthu olemera. Mayi anga ankagwira ntchito monga mphunzitsi, bambo ake ndi ogulitsa. Banja la Leo anali wachiwiri mwa ana asanu ndi atatu.

Mu 1897 ndi opindulitsa kusuntha kwa Gomel, komwe atate ace inakhala Wachiwiri banki bwana. ubwana mkango anali otetezeka kwambiri, mayi anga nthawi zonse zoyenera ana. nyumba komanso ana ankakula m'bale Vygodsky-m'bale makamaka Davide, amene anali ndi mphamvu pa Lev. Nyumba phindu unali likulu chikhalidwe kumene anzeru m'deralo anasonkhana, kukambirana chikhalidwe nkhani ndi zochitika mu dziko. Bambo anga anali tate wa laibulale yoyamba onse mu mzinda, ana kuyambira ali mwana anazolowera kuwerenga mabuku abwino. Kenako, banja anatuluka ochepa philologists kwambiri ndiponso pofuna kuwasiyanitsa ndi msuweni wake, woimirira wa zamawonekedwe Russian, Leo ndi kusintha kalata m'dzina.

learning

Ana, banja anaitanidwa ku yopindulitsa payekha mphunzitsi Solomon Markovich Ashpiz, amadziwika njira zapadera chiphunzitso zochokera "kukambirana" Socrates. Komanso, iye anali mwapang'onopang'ono maganizo ndale ndipo anali membala wa Democratic Social Party.

Leo unakhazikitsidwa mchikakamizo cha aphunzitsi, komanso m'bale wake wa Davide. Kuyambira ali mwana anali ndi chidwi mabuku ndi nzeru. nzeru zapamwamba amalikonda Benedict Spinoza anayamba, ndipo izi chizolowezi wasayansi ikuchitika mu moyo wake wonse. Lev Vygotsky kusukulu kwathu, koma kenako bwinobwino zapita kuona kunja kalasi lachisanu la masewera olimbitsa thupi ndi kupita kusukulu 6 kalasi Ayuda anyamata, kumene anaphunzira sekondale. Leo kuphunzira bwino, koma anapitiriza maphunziro pawekha Latin, Chiheberi ndi English kunyumba.

Mu 1913, iye bwinobwino kupirira mayeso khomo la Moscow University luso of Medicine. Koma posachedwapa ikumasuliridwa malamulo. Mu 1916, iye analemba zambiri ndemanga mabuku ndi olemba mabuku, nkhani pa chikhalidwe ndi mbiri, mawunikidwe pa "Ayuda" nkhani. Mu 1917 iye akusankha kuchoka lamulo ndipo lidatanthauzidwa pa mbiri-philological la Yunivesite iwo. Shanyavsky, amene anamaliza chaka chotsatira.

pedagogy

Titamaliza yunivesite, Lev Vygotsky anali vuto ntchito. Iye anali ndi mayi ake ndiponso mng'ono coyamba anapita ku Samara malo, ndiye kupita ku Kiev, koma mu 1918 anabwerera ku Gomel. Kodi izo zikugwirizana ndi ntchito yomanga sukulu latsopano limene adayamba kuphunzitsa mchimwene wake Davide. Kuyambira mu 1919 mpaka 1923 ntchito m'masukulu ambiri Gomel, komanso mipando Board ya Education. Zimenezi chiphunzitso n'chifukwa kafukufuku oyambirira pa njira ya chikoka pa achinyamata.

Iye mwachibadwa akulowa mwapang'onopang'ono kwa nthawi pedological malangizo, chimene chimabweretsa pamodzi kuwerenga maganizo ndi pedagogy. Vygotsky amalenga zasayansi experimental mu Gomel koleji, amene anapanga kuwerenga maganizo ake maphunziro. Vygotskiy Lev Semenovich yogwira wokamba pa misonkhano ndi zionekera asayansi m'munda latsopano. Atamwalira wasayansi ntchito pa mavuto a mapangidwe luso komanso kuphunzitsa ana, iwo pamodzi mu buku lotchedwa "Maphunziro zamaganizo". Idzakhala mndandanda wa nkhani za chisamaliro, maphunziro zokongoletsa, mitundu ya kuphunzira mwana kuwerenga kwa maganizo ndi makhalidwe mphunzitsi.

Choyamba Mapazi mu Science

Pamene ndinali kuwerenga pa University, Lev Vygotsky ndi chidwi kutsutsa zolembalemba, kusindikiza ntchito angapo poetics. ntchito yake pa kusanthula "Hamlet" ndi William Shakespeare anali mawu atsopano mu kusanthula zolembalemba. Komabe, mwadongosolo ntchito sayansi Vygotsky ayamba kuchita mu dera lina - pa mphambano ya maphunziro komanso sayansi. ntchito yake anatsogolera zasayansi komanso yemwe anakhala mawu atsopano mu pedology. Ngakhale ndiye, Vygotsky anatenga njira maganizo ndi nkhani za kuwerenga maganizo a chikoka pa zochitika mphunzitsi. ntchito zake zimapezeka pa misonkhano ingapo sayansi, anali owala ndi wapadera, kupanga zotheka kukhala zamaganizo Vygotsky.

M'njira Psychology

Ntchito yoyamba Vygotsky zokhudzana ndi mavuto a maphunziro a ana nthenda, maphunziro awa osati maziko kukhazikitsidwa kwa Defectology, komanso kukhala chopereka kwambiri kuphunzira ntchito apamwamba maganizo ndi dongosolo maganizo. Mu 1923, pa Congress pa psychoneurology amapezeka fateful msonkhano ndi zamaganizo kwambiri AR Luria. Iye anali kwenikweni anagonjetsa lipoti Vygotsky ndipo anayambitsa kusuntha Lev Semenovich mu Moscow. Mu 1924 Vygotsky anaitanidwa kukagwira ntchito ku Institute of Psychology Moscow. Choncho anayamba yowala, koma yochepa ya moyo wake.

zinthu sayansi anali zosiyanasiyana kwambiri. Iye ankachita ndi mavuto zogwirizana pa nthawi ya Reflexology, wapanga chopereka kwambiri kuphunzira ntchito apamwamba maganizo, ndi kusaiwala za chikondi oyambirira - za pedagogy. Ngakhale pambuyo pa imfa ya wasayansi adzakhala buku limene Chili zaka zambiri kafukufuku, - ". Psychology chitukuko anthu" Vygotskiy Lev Semenovich anali njira za kuwerenga maganizo, ndipo m'bukuli mawunikidwe wake pa njira zikuluzikulu kuwerenga maganizo ndi diagnostics. Makamaka zofunika ndi gawo pa mavuto maganizo, chidwi zapadera 6 nkhani za asayansi, zimene iye amakhala pa nkhani zikuluzikulu za kuwerenga maganizo ambiri. Vygotsky chiyani sakwanitsa kwambiri kuwulula maganizo awo, koma anakhala woyambitsa wa chiwerengero cha zinthu za sayansi.

chiphunzitso Cultural-mbiri

A malo apadera mu lingaliro maganizo Vygotsky zimatengera chikhalidwe zinachitika chiphunzitso cha psyche lapansi. Iye mu 1928 amapanga Uku ndikuyankhula molimba mtima pa nthawi imene chilengedwe chikhalidwe ndi limene limafotokoza za chitukuko munthu. Vygotskiy Lev Semenovich, amene amagwira ntchito pa pedology n'zosiyana wapadera, molondola ankakhulupirira kuti mwana umadutsa mu magawo a mapangidwe psyche, osati kokha chifukwa cha mapulogalamu zamoyo komanso ndondomeko za chitukuko za "zida maganizo": chikhalidwe, chinenero nkhani dongosolo. Ubongo akufotokozera mu mgwirizano ndi kulankhulana, kotero kuti mbali ya chikhalidwe ulili adzadziwire sangathe n'kofunika. munthu, malinga zamaganizo a, an chikhalidwe mwamtheradi, ndipo kunja anthu, ntchito zambiri maganizo sangakhoze kupangidwa.

"Psychology wa Art"

China chofunika, akusandutsa buku, amene wakhala wotchuka Vygotskiy Lev, - "Psychology wa Art". M'kuunika wa zinafika zaka zambiri pambuyo pa imfa wolemba, ndipo ngakhale ndiye anachititsa chidwi chachikulu pa dziko sayansi. mmene iye anakumana ofufuza m'minda osiyana: kuwerenga maganizo, zilankhulo, ethnology, mbiri luso, Chaanthu. The lingaliro lalikulu la Vygotsky chinali luso ndi mbali yofunika ya chitukuko cha ntchito ambiri maganizo, ndi chiyambi yake njira yachibadwa ya kusanduka anthu. Art ndi zinthu zofunika chifukwa inali njira yopulumutsira anthu anthu, amagwira ntchito zambiri zofunika chikhalidwe ndi moyo wa anthu.

"Ndinkaganiza ndi Kulankhula"

Vygotskiy Lev Semenovich, amene mabuku n'ngotchukabe kwambiri padziko lonse, sanagone nthawi kufalitsa ntchito yake yaikulu. Buku "Ndinkaganiza ndi Kulankhula" wakhala kusintha kwenikweni mu kuwerenga maganizo nthawi yake. Mmenemo wasayansi anatha kukonza ambiri maganizo amene kenako zambiri anali anakonza ndipo anayamba mu sayansi chidziwitso, psycholinguistics, Social Psychology. Vygotsky experimentally anasonyeza kuti maganizo a munthu aumbike ndipo anayamba yekha ntchito mawu. Pa chinenero chomwecho ndipo ifenso ndi njira zolimbikitsa ntchito maganizo. Iye anapeza stadial khalidwe mapangidwe maganizo ndi kufotokozera maganizo "mavuto", chomwe tsopano ntchito kulikonse.

chopereka Scientist kwa sayansi

Vygotskiy Lev Semenovich, amene Mabuku linayenera kuwerenga iliyonse zamaganizo, pakuti moyo wake waufupi kwambiri sayansi anatha chopereka ndithu kuti chitukuko cha sayansi angapo. ntchito yake kukhala pakati maphunziro ena, kutsogolera kwa mapangidwe psychoneurology, psycholinguistics, kuwerenga maganizo chidziwitso. Ake mfundo za chikhalidwe ndi mbiri yakale wa maganizo ndi maziko a lonse sukulu sayansi kuwerenga maganizo kuti ambiri mwachangu chinayamba m'zaka 21.

N'zosatheka kuchepetsa zopereka Vygotsky, chitukuko cha defectology zoweta, ndi kuwerenga maganizo maphunziro. Ambiri mwa ntchito zake lero amangotorapo kuwunika wawo woona ndi chitukuko mu mbiri ya zamaganizo Russian tsopano malo a ulemu amatenga dzina Lev Vygotsky. Books wasayansi lero zonse tinalisindikizanso, lofalitsidwa drafts ake ndipo zithunzi, kusanthula zomwe zikusonyeza mphamvu ndi oyamba maganizo ndi zolinga zake.

ophunzira Vygotsky ndi kunyada kwa zamaganizo dziko, ndi m'ndendemo osauka maganizo ake. Mu 2002 anatulutsa buku la sayansi "Psychology", amene ophatikizidwa kafukufuku amafotokoza mu nthambi zikuluzikulu za sayansi, monga ambiri, chikhalidwe, matenda, maganizo, ndi kakulidwe kuwerenga maganizo. Lero, phunziro ili ndi maziko onse mayunivesite dziko.

moyo

Monga wasayansi aliyense, Vygotskiy Lev Semenovich, kuwerenga maganizo amene wakhala nkhani ya moyo, ambiri a m'nthawi yake ntchito. Koma Gomel anaonekera okonda mkwatibwi ndipo kenako mkazi - Rose Noevna Smekhova. awiri anakhala yochepa moyo pamodzi - ndi zaka 10 zokha, koma anali ndi banja losangalala. Banjalo aakazi awiri; Gita ndi Asya. Onse anakhala asayansi, Gita Lvovna - ndi maganizo ndiponso dokotala, Asya L. - zamoyo. Anapitiriza maganizo mafumu katswiri ndi mdzukulu - Elena Evgenevna Kravtsova, amene tsopano mitu Institute of Psychology dzina la agogo ake.

Mapeto a msewu

Back mu 1920s oyambirira Lev Vygotsky kudwala chifuwa cha TB. Iye anakhala chifukwa cha imfa yake mu 1934. Scientist mpaka mapeto a masiku ndipo anapitiriza ntchito pa tsiku lomaliza la moyo wake anati: "Ndine amene. Wokonzeka" Zaka zomalizira za moyo wa zamaganizo anali kumva mitambo gululi zabwino padziko ntchito yake. Yayandikirayo. kupondereza ndi kuzunza, chotero imfa zinamupatsa kupewa kumangidwa, ndipo wasunga banja lake chifukwa chokana.