Mafumu a Russia: Kuwerengera. Onse mafumu Russian kuti

Great mafumu Russia ndi Alefa ndi Omega, ndi kutukuka kwa anthu ake. Monga Mulungu - mwini chilengedwe, ndipo iwo anali ambuye dziko lawo. Ndipo analamulira kunali kwambiri. Nthumwi choyamba cha udindo Petro Woyamba. Ndipo mwina osati chabe mbiri ya Russian Ufumu akuyamba ndi umunthu chachikulu ichi.

Tsogolo mfumu yaikulu

Peter anabadwa mu Moscow mu 1672, ndi chinayi wa June. Iwo anali mwana lakhumi la Alexei Mikhailovich ndi mkazi wake wachiwiri Natali Kirillovny Naryshkinoy. Pambuyo pa imfa ya Mfumu Peter anatengera dziko kuti anali underdeveloped kwambiri poyerekeza ndi mayiko chikhalidwe wolemera European. Pamene Kubadwa Kwatsopano ndi Reformation chinapululutsa Europe, Russia anakana azungu nakhalabe kutali wamakono.

Petr Veliky - mfumu yoyamba ya Russia, lomwe anadziwika kukonza zosiyanasiyana ankafuna kuti boma lake wamphamvu. Iye analenga bulu amphamvu, reorganized asilikali ndi mfundo Western. Pamene inayambitsa latsopano boma komanso Kupititsa gulu la dziko, poyambitsa angapo kusintha motani muzochitika zones za moyo Russian.

kusintha kwakukulu ndi chitukuko chachikulu

chidwi kwambiri ndi mfumu yoyamba ya Russia anatumiza kuti chitukuko cha sayansi. Analemba ganyu akatswiri angapo yachilendo kuphunzitsa anthu awo onse patsogolo sayansi. Lolunjika pa chitukuko cha ntchito zamalonda ndi mafakitale, iye modernized zilembo Russian, anayambitsa Julian kalendala, ndipo woyamba Russian nyuzipepala analengedwa ntchito.

Peter A. anali wamasomphenya ndi nthumwi mwaluso, amene zimafika ndi chachikale chinkawavuta boma ndipo anakhazikitsa Bungwe Senate. Zinali limba apamwamba a boma mphamvu okhudza nthambi zonse zakayendesedwe ka komanso njira ndi zina zomwe nzeru mu mfundo yachilendo ya Russia.

Latsopano Kupititsa katundu

Mu ulamuliro wa Petra Velikogo State amamuonera m'madera ambiri, monga Estonia, Latvia ndi Finland. Pambuyo nkhondo ndi Turkey, iye ankalowa Nyanja Black. Ndipo chikwi mazana asanu zaka khumi ndi chimodzi Poroshenko anasamukira likulu mumzinda pa Neva Mtsinje - St. Petersburg, adzakhazikitse ufumuwu ndi umene posachedwapa anakhala "zenera Europe".

Malinga ndi malamulo ndi yofanana ndi Peter Russia wakhala kwambiri European mphamvu. Ndipo mu 1721, analalikira ufumu, motero, kuti Peter Alekseevich anapatsidwa udindo wa Onse-Russian Mfumu, bambo Great Lathu.

Peter anakwatiwa kawiri ndi ana khumi, ambiri amene anamwalira ali wakhanda. Mwana wamkulu wa ku ukwati wake woyamba, Alex, adatsutsika woukira boma ndipo anaphedwa chinsinsi mu 1718. Anafa Peter A. Eighth mu February 1725 popanda nominating mwana.

Wina Peter A.

Mwachibadwa, boma Russian asaaonerera osati mafumu a Russia, dongosolo anatchulapo pamaso pa empresses anayi. Mmodzi wa iwo anali Catherine choyamba. Iye anakhala pa mpando pambuyo Petra Velikogo. Ndiyeno anayamba kulamulira, mdzukulu wa Peter Wamkulu. Iye anabadwa pa akhumi October 1715. mayi ake anamwalira masiku khumi pambuyo pa kubadwa kwake. Patatha zaka zitatu bambo ake adamtsata mayi anga.

Mu 1727, Menshikov otchedwa Catherine woyamba lowani chifuniro pokondera Peter. Ndipo pamene Mfumukazi anafa, Peter II anapitiriza mndandanda wa mafumu Russian.

Ulamuliro enieni a Bungwe la Supreme

Menshikov anaika mnyamata kunyumba kwake ndipo anayamba kulamulira zochita zake. Little Peter anali moyo, wanzeru, skilful ndi aliuma mwana ndipo anali ngati agogo awo a bambo ake. Ngakhale kufanana izi, ndi, motsutsana ndi Peter Wamkulu, sanafune kuphunzira.

Kukhala wamng'ono kwambiri Peter II sanathe kulamulira ufumu, ndipo pafupifupi sanatenge gawo mu ntchito za bungwe la atamva. Izi msanga zinachititsa kuti kuphwanya dongosolo boma, monga akuluakulu adawopa zochita unmotivated a Peter ndipo sanafune kusamalira zochita yaikulu.

tsiku Thirtieth wa November limodzi zikwi mazana asanu ndi chinayi makumi awiri, Peter II anali pachibwenzi ndi khumi kukongola Ekaterina Alekseevna Dolgorukova. Koma chaka chotsatira, pa chimodzi cha January, iye anagwira chimfine pa review asilikali ndi nthomba. Anafa chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi January 1730.

Atamwalira Peter II pa mpando wachifumu akukhala pa mkazi - Anna Ivanovna. A mafumu wotsatira wa Russia - dongosolo limasonyeza zaka khumi kwa ufumu wake - kuyembekezera malo awo mu mbiri ya boma.

Mfumu khanda kapena kulimbana mphamvu

Ivan The chimodzi anabadwa mu St. Petersburg mu August 1740 a akhumi ndi. Iye anali mwana wa Prince Antona Braunshveyga-Wolfenbüttel ndi Anna Leopoldovna. masiku khumi asanafe, Mfumukazi analengeza ziwiri mwezi Ivan m'malo mwake. Ndipo Ernst Johann Biron anali kutumikira monga regent mnyamata mpaka umalandira zaka ziwiri.

Koma mayi Ivan mu 1740 anagonjetsa Biron ndi kudzitcha yekha regent. Patapita chaka chimodzi, anali kutsitsidwa Elizabeth, mothandizidwa ndi grenadiers ndi akapitawo a Preobrazhensky Regiment. Mwana Petra Velikogo, Anna ndi banja lonse ndipo mfumu khanda anamangidwa ku ndende ya linga pafupi Riga. Pamenepo mfumu Ivan The chimodzi Anam'samutsira Kholmogory. Pali nyumba bishopu kanthu anali lidzasinthidwa ndende. Pali mnyamata ankakhala pafupi zaka khumi ndi ziwiri, osawona munthu, kupatula woyang'anira ndende wake.

Kwachinsinsi imfa ya mkaidi, kapena wina wa Mfumu

Tsoka kovuta anali mu mamembala ambiri a m'banja lachifumu, amene ankayenera kuti atenge malo ake pa mpando wachifumu. Ndipo mwina inali chimodzi mwa zifukwa zimene ena mafumu Russian (limafotokozera zikusonyeza maina awo) kuti mwaufulu kusiya mphamvu mokomera munthu ndi achibale awo.

Koma zimene zinachitika kwa Atakula Ivan chimodzi? Mphekesera pa ukaidi ku Kholmogory likuyenda, ndipo ufumu wa Elizaveta Petrovna anamasuliridwa mu Schlisselburg linga, kumene anaikidwa m'ndende kwayekha. Kudziwa mkaidi anali anapitiriza mobisa. Ngakhale alonda sankadziwa amene kuteteza. Ivan kusungidwa zinthu zomvetsa chisoni. Kuwala kokha anali kandulo iye.

alonda inanena kuti nzeru anyamata anali kusweka, Ivan wataya yokumbukira ndipo analibe imene ingatithandize kudziwa yemwe iye ali. Stuttering kunatero amphamvu kuti kumvetsa zimene wandende, kuli kovuta Komabe, Ivan chimodzi kumbukirani dzina lake lenileni.

Mfumu kutsitsidwa anali pangozi kwa kalonga German, anagwira mpando wachifumu, ndi iye analamula kuti kuziteteza mosamala kwambiri, ndipo mu nkhani ya poyesa lomasula mkaidi - kumupha. Ndipo posachedwa pambuyo pa usiku wa lachinayi pa 5 July 1764 pa Smolensk oyenda Regiment mkulu Vasily Mirovich anatsogolera zigawenga anayesa kum'landitsa Ivan ndi Mkaidi anali msanga. Choncho mndandanda wa mafumu Russian anawonjezera dzina lina. Wosasangalala Ivan chimodzi, amene sanathe kutenga malo ake oyenera.

Mdzukulu wa mafumu awiri a Russia ndi Sweden

mafumu onse a Russia, mu dongosolo la motsatizana kapena kusintha yachifumu amatenga mpando wachifumu, mwanjira mmene miyala mbiri. Ndipo sitingathe kutchula zina pano Peter III, amene analamulira Russia kwa miyezi isanu ndi umodzi. Iye anabadwa pa twente-poyamba February limodzi zikwi mazana asanu ndi chaka twente-chitatu kumpoto Germany. Zinali mwana yekhayo wa Anna Petrovna ndi Karla Fridriha. Mdzukulu wa mafumu awiri - Petra Velikogo ndi Charles akhumi.

Mnyamatayo anali ndi chidwi ndi zaluso, anakonda parades usilikali ndipo analota kamodzi kumakhaladi otchuka kwambiri padziko lonse wankhondo. Pa zaka khumi ndi zinayi, iye anabweretsedwa ku Russia ndi azakhali ake, akulamulira Elizabeth. Makumi awiri oyamba mu August 1745, Peter anakwatira kalonga wa Anhalt-Tserbskoy, amene adatenga dzina Catherine. ukwati zandale, ndi azakhali Petro, ndi tsoka kuchokera pa chiyambi.

Mfumu, amene ankadana ndi boma Russian ndi anthu ake

Catherine anali mkazi wa nzeru kwambiri, ndipo Petulo anapitiriza mwana mu thupi la mwamuna wamkulu. Iwo mwana anabadwira - Paulo, mfumu m'tsogolo, ndi mwana wamkazi Anna, amene anamwalira ali ana. mafumu onse a Russia, kuti kutenga mpando wachifumu ndi ulamuliro ndi boma, makamaka anayesera kubweretsa dziko phindu pazipita. Koma Peter III anali yekha. Anadana Russia. Ine sankasamala za anthu Russian, ndipo sanathe kulekerera Mpingo Orthodox.

Pambuyo Peter III zinachitika pa mpandowachifumu, iye anathetsa mfundo yachilendo ya azakhali ake, anabweretsa Russia kwa zaka zisanu ndi ziwiri nkhondo ndi sitepe imeneyi m'nthawi sankaoneka ngati mwala wa akuvutika Russian nkhondo. Koma pa nthawi yomweyo, akatswiri amene ali ndi chidwi mu mbiri ya mafumu Russian, amanena kuti mwina kusankha Peter III anali gawo la dongosolo wanzeru chifukwa zotsatira za boma Russian kumadzulo.

Kusintha kapena ntchito ndi boma

Komabe, Peter III nthawi ya ulamuliro bungwe angapo kusintha mkati, zomwe masiku ano demokalase kwambiri. Ankalalikira ufulu wa chipembedzo, anathetsa apolisi analetsa kupha serfs ndi eni. Ndiponso atalenga banki boma akumeneko.

Komiti ya mafumu ambiri mu Russia inatha mu imfa yoopsya. Komanso izo zinachitika kwa Peter III. Pali ambiri samvetsa za imfa yake, koma kwenikweni anali anthu a chiwembu cha mkazi wake Catherine, amene ankafuna kuti amuchotsepo za izo, kuti atenge mpandowachifumu. Twente-chitatu June 1762, Peter anamangidwa ndipo posakhalitsa aphedwe.

ulamuliro Paulo ankhanza

Mayina a mafumu Russian n'zosatheka kutchula woyamikira kwambiri ndi kunyada. Mwachitsanzo, Paulo, amene analamulira dziko kwa zaka zisanu yankhanza pang'ono kuphedwa. Iye anabadwa mu St. Petersburg mu 1754. makolo ake - tsogolo Mfumu Peter III ndi Catherine II. Mayi sankaona iye monga wolamulira wam'tsogolo ndipo anatumizidwa ku moyo mu chikhalidwe cha Gatchina. Ndipo m'malo mwa mfumu tsogolo Ekaterina iye akukonza mwana wake Alexander.

Koma pambuyo pa imfa ya Mfumukazi, Paulo anagwira mpando wachifumu, ndi lamulo lake loyamba anali kukhazikitsa ukulu ku mpando wachifumu, osati kusankha munthu wina woti alowe kwa mfumu yekha. Poganizira kuti Russia amafunika ufumu mtheradi, anayamba kudula mphamvu ndi maudindo amazikonda anthu otchuka. Kuti zolinga za French kuukira boma kodi sinafalikire dziko, iye chitsekedwe mabuku ena ndi kuyenda kunja boma.

kusintha zambiri pa mkati ndi mfundo kunja Paulo, pamodzi ndi mzimu wake ndi matenda wopondereza mkwiyo, chifukwa kufalitsa mphekesera zokhudza unbalance maganizo. Ndi makumi awiri atatu a March 1801, Paulo lachitatu anaphedwa. Ndipo pa mpando wachifumu ndi mwana wake Alexander.

Mwana Catherine agogo

Alexander anabadwa mu St. Petersburg mu December 1777 a akhumi ndi. Iye analeredwa ndi Catherine Wamkulu, amene sanali kukonda mwana wake, Paulo sanali kuganiza kuti akhoza kulamulira dziko. Mfumu tsogolo anaona mdzukulu wawoyo. Iye analinso kuwadziwa bwino m'mbiri ya ku Ulaya komanso ndale, ndipo analeredwa mzimu wa freethinking bwalo la Mfumukazi.

Koma udani pakati pa Paulo ndi Catherine anamuika maudindo awiri osiyana. Pamene agogo ake, kutsatira mfundo za ufulu wachibadwidwe ndi ufulu wa anthu kusangalala zisudzo ndi nzeru. Kenako bambo ake anali okhwima asilikali chilango ndi kuphunzitsa wosatha. Posakhalitsa, Alexander wakhala chameleon zachilengedwe, anakhala maganizo mobisa komanso mosavuta anasintha malinga ndi mmene zinthu zilili.

Mu 1801, pa zaka makumi awiri ndi zitatu, Alexander anavekedwa. Kukongola ndi wokongola mfumu wakhala wotchuka kwambiri. N'zoona kuti maloto ake owolowa manja a sukulu, anayamba angapo kusintha zinthu zina. Iwo inaletsedwa wozunzikirapo, ndi lamulo latsopano analola wamba kuti awombole okha ku serfdom. Kenako utsogoleri, chuma ndi maphunziro kusintha.

Kupambana kwa mfumu yaikulu

Mu ulamuliro wa mafumu Russian anali nkhondo zosiyanasiyana ndi nkhondo. Koma imodzi yofunika kwambiri, ngakhale kutchedwa zosonyeza kukonda nkhondo, panali nkhondo ndi Napoleon. Pakuti Alexander anali utumiki Mulungu, chinachake chabe nkhondo pakati pa maiko awiri. Zinali nkhondo pakati pa zabwino ndi zoipa. Ndipo pamene Alexander pambuyo kuwina anakwera pa mutu wa asilikali ake mu Paris, anakhala wa mafumu amphamvu kwambiri. Zinali kupambana kwa ulamuliro wake.

M'zaka zaposachedwapa, ulamuliro wa Mfumu anakhala kutengeka kwambiri ndi Mulungu ndi Chikhristu. Ndipo pamene iye chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi anafa November 1825, linali kuyenda kwambiri za mphekesera zakuti mfumu mobisa antchito ndipo anakhala wansembe. mafumu Kodi Russian anali ndi maganizo anapita maganizo awo aakulu, sankadziwa ngakhale nkhaniyo.

Childhood ndi ulamuliro wa Nicholas

Nicholas ndinali mwana chinayi wa Paulo Ine ndi Maria Feodorovna. Anabadwa tsiku makumi awiri ndi lachisanu la June, wina mu 1796. Monga mwana, iye anali wamwano ndi wopulupudza. Ophunzira poyamba kuchokera wantchito Scotland, ndiyeno - General Gustav Lambsdorff. Pokhala malingaliro yotakata ndi kufuna kudziwa, Nicholas sanali kuphunzira. The kalonga anamukwiyira chamoyo kokha pamene maphunziro zinatha ndipo iye saloledwa kuvala yunifolomu ndi kuchita masewera ankhondo.

Nicholas sanali analeredwa monga mfumu m'tsogolo, ndi chiyambi cha ulamuliro wake, anafunika ndi chochitika chomwe chinadabwitsa iye. Izi kupanduka wa Decembrists. Atsogoleri asanu anaphedwa ndi za zana ndi makumi awiri ku Siberia. Pozindikira kufunika kwa kusintha, mfumu koma adawopa kuti kusintha idzagwedeza maziko a ufumu umene tinawasamutsira ana. Panali mavuto ena kuti asinthe - akubwera kwa abale a Mfumu, amene ali ndi maganizo kusokoneza kwambiri pa zochita zake.

Nicholas mawu anali Orthodoxy, Autocracy ndiponso dziko. ulamuliro wake chinali heyday wa ufumu mtheradi ku Russia. Iye anafa pa chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chitatu zikwi February chimodzi mazana asanu ndi makumi asanu ndi lachisanu chaka cha chibayo. Ndipo potsiriza, mfumu yomaliza ya Russia. Kuwerengera zolemba za ulamuliro. Zinali Alexander II ndi Alexander III ndi Nicholas II. Nkhani itha ndi mafumu Russian.

mwana Nicholas Board

Alexander II, mwana wamkulu wa Nicholas, ndi chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chiwiri mu April 1818 anabadwa. Anaphunzira zodabwitsa. Iye ankadziwa zilankhulo zambiri, anaphunzira luso la nkhondo, zachuma ndi mayiko ena. Kuyambira ali mwana anafikako.

Atakhala mfumu, Alexander inaika lamulo amasulidwe Amaya. The linga ali moyo tsopano mwaulemu. Ndipo popeza anakhala nzika free, kunali koyenera kusintha dongosolo lonse la ulamuliro m'deralo. Mu ulamuliro wa Alexander dongosolo milandu wakhala kusintha, magulu onse chikhalidwe anakhala ofanana pamaso pa lamulo. Kufufuza kuthamanga anali akamasuke, ndi anthu anayamba kukhala ndi ufulu wa kulankhula.

Ngakhale kusintha ambiri kusintha miyoyo ya anthu Russian, Alexander II anakhala chandamale cha boma. A m'gululo zigawenga anapha mfumu 1881.

Kutchula chimbalangondo Russian

Aleksandro Wachitatu anabadwa pa 21, Feb. 18, 1845. Wamphamvu, wochititsa mantha, wodalirika kwambiri, adakhala ngati chimbalangondo cha Russia. Anadza kulamulira pa nthawi yovuta ya ufumuwo. Gawo limodzi la anthu silinakhutire ndi kayendedwe kake ka kusintha, wachiwiri ankaopa kusintha. Chuma sichinayambe kuchoka ku nkhondo ndi Turkey. Kufalikira kwakukulu kwa mantha omwe otsutsawo anawatsogolera kunachititsa kuti pakhale gulu lokhazikitsidwa la mafumu.

Emperor sanakonde alendo ndipo anatsatira lamulo la Russia. Izi zinapangitsa kuti dziko la Russia liwonongeke komanso kuti Ayuda asagwirizane. Anatsatira kwambiri mfundo ya "Russia kwa a Russia" ndipo adalimbikitsa ulamuliro wa oyang'anira. Alexander Aleksandrovich Romanov anamwalira ndi Jade mu 1894. Ndipo mfumu ya ku Russia yotsiriza, Nikolai II, inayamba kulamulira.

Kutsiriza koopsya kwa banja lachifumu

Chochititsa chidwi! Pazigawo zitatu zosiyana ndi maudindo achifumu. Mfumu ya Russia imakhalanso ndi mawonekedwe ake, omwe amatha. Ndipo mutu uwu wa Mfumu ya Russia Nicholas II unali ndi mawu zana ndi khumi ndi atatu.

Nikolay II anabadwa mu 1868. Mu 1894, Nicholas anakhala mfumu. Ngakhale kuti anali maphunziro apamwamba, anaganiza kuti sadakonzekere udindo umene adauzidwa. Ndipo anthu ambiri masiku ano amanena kuti iye anawoneka wosokonezeka ndi wosokonezeka.

Pazinthu zambiri za ulamuliro wake, iye anatsatira ndondomeko ya abambo ake. Iye anali wamakani ndipo pang'onopang'ono anazindikira kufunikira kosintha mogwirizana ndi zochitika za 1901. Ngakhale kuti mphamvu zake zinali zochepa, mfumu yomalizira ya Russia inayesa kuchita ngati kuti iye akadali wovomerezeka. Nikolai ankafuna kubwerera kumbuyo ndikubwezeretsa mphamvu za makolo ake.

Pambuyo pa Revolution ya Bolshevik ya 1917, udindo wa banja lachifumu unakhala wovuta kwambiri, ndipo patapita chaka, kumayambiriro kwa July 17, Nikolay II, mkazi wake ndi ana ake anawomberedwa. Motero anathetsa ulamuliro wa mafumu a ku Russia, ndipo mbiri ya dziko inayambira mbali ina.