Magazi clotting. Chiwembu cha coagulation magazi

Imodzi mwa njira zofunika kwambiri zikuchitika mu thupi lathu ndi magazi clotting. Chiwembu adzakhululukidwa pansipa (malingana ndi zolinga fanizo, ndi mafano). Ndipo popeza ndi ndondomeko zovuta, m'pofunika tione mwatsatanetsatane.

Zinachitika bwanji?

Choncho, ndondomeko anasonyeza ndi udindo wotseka magazi, zinachitika chifukwa kuwonongeka kwa wina zikuluzikulu za dongosolo mtima wa thupi.

Mawu osavuta, tingasiyanitsire magawo atatu. Choyamba - kutsegula. Pambuyo choipa kwa chotengera anayamba kulankhula zochita wotsatira, zomwe mapeto ake ndi mapangidwe otchedwa prothrombinase. Izi - kuipidwa ongokhala V ndi X coagulation zinthu. Iwo aumbike padziko kupatsidwa zinthu za m'mwazi Kakhungu phospholipid.

Gawo lachiwiri - coagulation. Mu stepi ino, Ulimbo aumbike ku fibrinogen - mkulu maselo kulemera mapuloteni omwe ali maziko a magazi kuundana, ndi zosayembekezereka wa imene imakhudza magazi clotting. Chiwembu anapereka pansipa atsimikiza imeneyi.

Ndipo potsiriza, gawo lachitatu. Kumafuna Ulimbo aumirira mapangidwe, yodziwika ndi dongosolo wandiweyani. Mwa njira, ndiko kusamba ndi kuyanika n'zotheka kupeza "chuma" limene ntchito yokonza thonje wosabala ndi mafilimu kuti atseka magazi chifukwa cha chotupa ziwiya kakang'ono pa ntchito opaleshoni.

za zochita

Pamwamba zinali mwachidule anafotokoza za clotting magazi. chiwembu, ndi njira, anayamba kupanga kumbuyo mu 1905 ndi wasayansi-coagulation wotchedwa Paulo Oscar Morawitz. Ndipo sasiya kufunika kwake kwa tsiku lino.

Koma zambiri zasintha kuyambira 1905 kumvetsetsa coagulation magazi ndondomeko zovuta. Ndiyamika patsogolo, ndithudi. Asayansi anatha kutsegula ambiri zochita latsopano ndi mapuloteni zimene zimachitika pochita zimenezi. Ndipo tsopano ambiri kugwa chiwembu cha coagulation magazi. Zikomo maganizo ake ndi kuzindikira ndondomeko lamavutoli zikuchoka pang'ono losavuta kumvetsa.

Monga mmene taonera mu pansipa chithunzi, zomwe zikuchitika kwenikweni "anapanga pa njerwa." Mogwirizana ndi dongosolo mkati ndi kunja - magazi ndi minofu. Pakuti aliyense khalidwe mapindikidwe kumatanthauza kumachitika chifukwa kuwonongeka. The dongosolo la mwazi kuwonongeka ntchito makoma mtima, kolajeni, protease (anadziphatika enzyme), ndi makatekolamaini (molekyulu timene). minofu zimawonedwa kuwononga khungu chifukwa chimene munthu amapita thromboplastin. Chomwe ndi stimulator zofunika magazi ndondomeko clotting (mwinamwake otchedwa coagulation). Iye amapita molunjika mu magazi. Ichi ndi "njira" yake, koma iye ali ndi khalidwe kumbuyo. Pambuyo zikuyamba thromboplastin clotting ndondomeko. Zotsatira mu magazi ayamba kugwiritsa ntchito pamwamba mbali zitatu.

nthawi

Choncho, nanga bwanji ndi magazi clotting, chiwembu zathandiza kumvetsa. Tsopano ine ndikanafuna kulankhula pang'ono za nthawi.

Dongosolo lonse amatenga munthu pazipita mphindi 7. Gawo loyamba chimakhala cha awiri. Panthawi imeneyi, prothrombin anapanga. mankhwala ndi mtundu wa zovuta dongosolo mapuloteni udindo ndondomeko otaya coagulation magazi ndi luso thickening. Amene amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi thupi kuti thrombus mapangidwe. Iye amaononga malo owonongeka kuti magazi mabasi. Zonse zimatenga mphindi 5-7. Magawo wachiwiri ndi wachitatu chichitike mofulumira kwambiri. Masekondi 2-5. Chifukwa gawo la coagulation magazi (chiwembu anapatsidwa pamwamba) bwanji njira zimene zimachitika mu. Ndipo izi zikutanthauza kuti pa malo choipa yomweyo.

Prothrombin Zikatero, opangidwa mu chiwindi. Ndi kaphatikizidwe ake zimatenga nthawi. Kodi mofulumira kubala prothrombin zokwanira, zimadalira kuchuluka kwa vitamini K ali thupi. Ngati akusowa, magazi adzaleka kovuta. Ndipo ndi vuto lalikulu. Popeza losowa vitamini K limasonyeza kuphwanya kaphatikizidwe prothrombin. Ndipo ichi - matenda kuchitiridwa.

olimba kaphatikizidwe

Chabwino, chiwembu ambiri coagulation magazi ndi bwino - tsopano ayenera kuperekedwa ena tcheru nkhani za zimene zichitike kubwezeretsa chofunika kuchuluka kwa vitamini K mu thupi.

Kuyamba ndi kuyamba - kudya bwino. Kuchuluka wamkulu wa vitamini K opezeka mu wobiriwira tiyi - micrograms 959 pa magalamu 100! katatu kwambiri, poyamba, kuposa wakuda. Chifukwa ayenera mwachangu kumwa. Kodi kuchita ndi masamba - sipinachi, woyera kabichi, tomato, nandolo wobiriwira, anyezi.

Nyama mulinso vitamini K, koma osati onse - okha nyama yamwana wang'ombe, ng'ombe chiwindi, mwanawankhosa. Koma chinthu otsiriza wapangidwa ndi adyo, zoumba mkaka, maapulo ndi mphesa.

Komabe, ngati zinthu kwambiri, ndiye zosiyanasiyana mindandanda yazakudya kuthandiza kudzakhala kovuta. Childs, madokotala mwamphamvu amalangiza kuphatikiza zakudya zanu ndi mankhwala kuti wapatsidwa. Ndi mankhwala sayenera anachedwa. Muyenera posachedwapa kuti iye matenda magazi clotting limagwirira. Mankhwalawa kamwedwe Kwalamulidwa dokotala nthawi yomweyo, ndipo nawonso udindo wochenjeza zimene zingachitike ngati tinyalanyaza malangizo. Ndipo zotsatira zake zingakhale kukanika chiwindi, trombogemorragichesky syndrome, timathawa kuchepa magazi, matenda chotupa ndiponso kuwonongeka fupa maselo mafuta tsinde.

Schmidt chiwembu

Kumapeto kwa XIX m'ma anakhala physiologist wotchuka MD. Dzina lake linali dzina lake Aleksandr Aleksandrovich Shmidt. Iye anakhala zaka 63 ndipo nthawi zambiri zoyenera kuphunzira mavuto hematology. Koma ankaphunzira mutu wa clotting magazi. Iye anatha kukhazikitsa chikhalidwe enzymatic kwa ndondomekoyi, kotero kuti wasayansi iye akufuna momveka ongolankhula. Amene akuonetsera chiwembu anapereka pansipa clotting.

Mu malo oyamba pali kuchepetsa chotengera kuonongeka. Ndiye, mu situ anapanga lotayirira chilema, Woyambirira kupatsidwa zinthu za m'mwazi pulagi. Ndiye ikamauma. Potero kupanga thrombus chofiira (mwinamwake amatchedwa nthinthi magazi). Pambuyo kuti pang'ono kapena kwathunthu kusungunuka.

Mu ndondomekoyi, akuwonetseredwa ena clotting zinthu. The dera chimake ake zinachitika komanso amasonyeza iwo. Iwo anasonyeza manambala Arabic. Ndipo pali okwana 13. Ndipo aliyense wa inu ayenera kudziwa.

zinthu

A dera wathunthu wa coagulation magazi N'zosatheka lonena iwo. Chabwino, ayenera kuyamba ndi loyamba.

Factor I - ndi colorless mapuloteni fibrinogen. Apanga mu chiwindi, kusungunuka Plaza. Factor II - prothrombin, lomwe kale tatchulazi. mphamvu yake yapadera ndi kum'manga kashiamu ayoni. Ndipo Pamenepo pogawanikana pamawere wa mankhwala anapanga clotting enzyme.

Factor III - ndi kuipidwa mapuloteni lipoprotein minofu thromboplastin. Wake wotchedwa mayendedwe a phospholipids, mafuta m'thupi, triacylglycerols ndi zambiri.

Chinanso, IV, ndi Ca2 + ayoni. Amene umanena mchikakamizo cha mapuloteni colorless. Iwo PALI njira zambiri zovuta, kuwonjezera clotting mu katulutsidwe wa timene, mwachitsanzo.

Factor V - izo globulin. Chomwenso ndi opangidwa mu chiwindi. Iwo ali wofunikila ankameteramo ubweya wa corticosteroids (zinthu m'thupi) ndi mayendedwe awo. Factor VI kumeneko nthawi, koma kenako anaganiza kuti mupewe gulu la. Chifukwa asayansi apeza - amaphatikizapo chinthu V.

Koma gulu la sanasinthe. Chifukwa pambuyo V amapita chinthu VII. Zikuphatikizapo proconvertin, kumene nawo anapanga minofu prothrombinase (mbali yoyamba).

Factor VIII - mapuloteni kuti chimaoneka mu unyolo chomwecho. Kudziwika monga odana hemophilic globulin A. Ndi chifukwa chosowa chake kukhala osowa tinalandira matenda, monga amapatsira mwana wake. Factor IX ndi "zokhudzana" tanenera poyamba. Popeza ichi globulin antihemophilic B. Factor X - mwachindunji globulin, apanga mu chiwindi.

Ndipo potsiriza, otsiriza mfundo zitatu. Chinthu ichi Rosenthal, Hageman ndi Ulimbo olimba. Iwo ali akaphatikiza ndi, bwanji mapangidwe kumangidwa intermolecular ndi kugwira ntchito za masiku onse ndondomeko monga clotting magazi.

Schmidt dera zikuphatikizapo zonsezi. Ndipo ndithu bwinobwino kuwerenga kuti amvetse momwe ndondomeko anafotokoza ndi zovuta ali ndi matanthauzo ambiri.

dongosolo anticoagulative

Mfundo imeneyi ayenera kukumbukira tcheru. Pamwamba anafotokoza dongosolo clotting - chiwembu komanso chikusonyeza otaya kwa ndondomekoyi. Koma otchedwa "protivosvortyvanie" komanso chikuchitika.

Kuyamba, tisaiwale kuti m'kupita kwa zinthu, asayansi anathana awiri vuto zosiyana kwathunthu. Iwo anali kuyesera kuti muganize - momwe thupi amalowerera kuteteza outflow magazi Mitsempha kuonongeka, motero kulisunga boma madzi lonse? Chabwino, kusankha vuto chachiwiri chinali Kupezeka kwa dongosolo anticoagulation.

Ndi yeniyeni ya mapuloteni plasma amene angathe kuchepetsa mlingo wa mankhwala zochita. Kuti imathetsa.

Ndipo mu ndondomeko imeneyi nawo antithrombin III. Ntchito yake yaikulu ili kulamulira ntchito zinthu zina monga chithunzi cha coagulation magazi. Nkofunika kufotokozera: zilibe zonse mapangidwe magazi aumirira, ndipo adzachotsa kotheratu michere zosafunika, kukanirira mu m'magazi kuyambira kumene iye anapanga. Chifukwa chiyani kuli kofunikira? Pofuna kupewa kufala kwa clotting magazi m'madera m'magazi zimene zinawonongeka.

popewa amafotokozera

Ndikuwauza kuti akuimira dongosolo la coagulation magazi (dera ali pamwambawo), chisamaliro tisaiwale kuti chinthu monga heparin. Ndi sulufule munali acidic glycosaminoglycan (a mtundu wa polysaccharide).

Izi - ndi anticoagulant mwachindunji. Mankhwala kulimbikitsa ntchito coagulation chopinga dongosolo. Iwo saphunzira ndondomeko heparin magazi kuundana. Kodi zimenezi zimachitika? Heparin chabe amachepetsa ntchito thrombin magazi. Komabe, izi - mankhwala achilengedwe. Ndipo kumadzetsa phindu. Ngati ife timathandiza pa anticoagulant thupi, zikhoza amathandiza kuti kutsegula kwa antithrombin III ndi lipoprotein lipase (michere kuti adzaphatikizana triglycerides - mphamvu yaikulu gwero kwa maselo).

Tsopano, heparin kawirikawiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito A mankhwala zinthu thrombotic. mmodzi wa molekyulu wake yekha akhoza yambitsa ambiri antithrombin III. Choncho, heparin angathe kuonedwa monga chothandizira ndi - monga mu nkhani iyi kanthu kwenikweni ndi ofanana kwenikweni chifukwa cha iwo.

Pali zinthu zina ndi kanthu yemweyo, ali madzi a m'magazi. Mwachitsanzo, α2- macroglobulin. Amalimbikitsa kusokonezeka kwa magazi aumirira, zimakhudza ndondomeko ya fibrinolysis, akutumikira monga zoyendera kwa ayoni 2-valent, ndi mapuloteni ena. Ndipo komabe kumabwezera mmbuyo zinthu nawo clotting.

kusintha ananena

Pali nuance wina kuti sangosonyeza chiwembu chikhalidwe coagulation magazi. The Maphunziro Akakhalidwe Kazolengedwa wa thupi ngati kuti ambiri mwa njira amakhudza osati kusintha mankhwala. Komanso thupi. Tikadati kusunga clotting kwa apoyera, mukhoza kuona kuti mawonekedwe a othandiza magazi kuundana mu ndondomeko ya kusintha. Iwo amakhala anamaliza maselo njira lililonse spinous ofunika kukhazikitsa loitanirana tima - kaphatikizidwe zinthu mu amodzi umodzi.

Koma si onse. Chifukwa othandiza magazi kuundana pa clotting allocated zinthu zosiyana - makatekolamaini, serotonin, etc. Chifukwa cha lumen Mitsempha, zomwe zinawonongedwa, mwapang'ono. Chifukwa muli ndi zinchito ischemia. kotunga magazi pa malo zowonongeka yafupika. Ndipo moyenera, kutsanulira yemweyo pang'onopang'ono mpaka kusanduka yochepa. Izi zimamupatsa mwayi kuti asalalikire othandiza magazi kuundana malo owonongeka. Iwo ali, likuvutika njira zawo spinous, monga ngati "Ufumuyo" m'mphepete mwa a kolajeni ulusi, zomwe zili pa m'mbali mwa chilonda. Izi itha woyamba, motalikitsa kutsegula gawo. Atamaliza mapangidwe thrombin. Akutsatiridwa ndi masekondi angapo gawo la coagulation ndi Anabweza. Ndipo otsiriza siteji - kubwezeretsedwa kwa makope yachibadwa magazi. Ndipo n'kofunika kwambiri. Popeza machiritso chonse chilonda sizingatheke popanda wabwino kotunga magazi.

zothandiza kudziwa

Chabwino, chinachake monga chonchi mu mawu ndi amaoneka ngati chithunzi chidule cha coagulation magazi. Komabe, pali mfundo zina zabwino ochepa, kuti Ndikufuna kuona chidwi.

Amapatsira mwana wake. Pa izo tatchulazi. Izi ndi matenda oopsa kwambiri. magazi alionse munthu, iwo akudwala, anakumana ndi zovuta. matenda otengera akufotokozera chifukwa zopindika mapulotini amene amasamalira clotting. Azindikire zingakhale wosavuta - pa mabala pang'ono anthu kutaya magazi ambiri. Ndipo kuwononga nthawi kuti asiye izo. Ndi mitundu aakulu magazi mukhoza kuyamba popanda chifukwa. Anthu akuvutika amapatsira mwana wake, zikhoza kukhala olumala oyambirira. Popeza magazi kawirikawiri mu mnofu minofu (yachibadwa hematoma) mu malo - si zachilendo. ngati alandire? Movutikira. Munthu ayenera kwenikweni kuchiza matupi anu monga chotengera osalimba, ndipo nthawi zonse mosamala. Ngati magazi kumachitika - Akufunika kuti atchule magazi atsopano mwiniwake, muli chinthu XVIII.

Kawirikawiri matendawa amakhudza amuna. Ndipo akazi achite monga onyamula amapatsira mwana wake mbewu. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti British Koroleva Viktoriya anali. Mmodzi wa ana ake matenda opatsirana. Koma ena awiri sakudziwika. Popeza amapatsira mwana wake, ndi njira, limatchedwa matenda achifumu.

Koma pali milandu zosiyana. Izi amatanthauza chinawonjezeka clotting magazi. Ngati zikachitika, munthu Pafunikanso kukhala osachepera zolondola. Kuchuluka clotting akusonyeza chiopsezo kuundana intravascular. Kuti kuononga ziwiya lonse. Nthawi zambiri zotsatira chikhoza kukhala thrombosis, limodzi ndi kutupa makoma m'mitsempha. Koma chilema izi amaliona mosavuta. Nthawi zambiri, ndi njira, iwo anagula.

Ndi zodabwitsa mmene zikuchitika mu thupi la munthu, pamene pulayimale kudula yekha pepala. Zingakhale nthawi yayitali kukamba za maonekedwe a magazi, clotting ndi njira zake zimene zigwirizana pamodzi ndi izo. Koma mfundo zochititsa chidwi kwambiri, komanso bwino kusonyeza machenjerero ake choperekedwa pamwambapa. Ndi mpumulo, ngati n'koyenera, akhoza kufika payekha.