Makolo a anthu ndi ndani? Magawo waukulu kusanduka anthu

Asayansi akhala kukwaniritsa kuuzidwa za amene makolo a anthu, mtsutso si za zana loyamba imachitika mu mabwalo maphunziro. Chiphunzitso yotchuka kwambiri ya kusanduka akufuna ndi Charles Darwin wotchuka. Kuvomereza choonadi chakuti munthu ali ndi "Mbeu" ya nyani, n'zochititsa chidwi kuti tifufuza mbiriyakale ndi kusanduka.

Chisinthiko chiphunzitso: makolo anthu

Monga tanenera kale, ambiri asayansi timakonda kukhulupirira, kuvomereza mabaibulo zamoyo zinachita kufotokoza chiyambi cha munthu. Makolo a anthu kudalira ganizo limeneli - anyani. kusintha ndondomeko anatenga zaka zoposa 30 miliyoni, chithunzi enieni sichinayambe anakhazikitsa.

Anayambitsa chiphunzitso ndi Charles Darwin, amene anakhalako 19. Bukuli lili ndi zinthu monga kusankha zamoyo, yolimbirana kukhalapo, kusintha chibadwa.

parapithecus

Parapithecus - ndi kholo limodzi la anthu ndi anyani. Mwina nyama padziko la pansi zaka 35 miliyoni zapitazo. Iwo anyani awa wakale panopa ankaona kuti ulalo choyamba mu zamoyo wa anyani lalikulu. Driopithecus, gibbons ndi orangutans ndi "mbewu" yawo.

Mwatsoka, Kanyaniko wakale, pang'ono amadziwika wasayansi, deta analandira mwa amapeza paleontological. Anapeza kuti anyani mtengo adalipo kusamukira ku mitengo kapena malo lotseguka.

driopithecus

Driopithecus - kholo wakale wa munthu, zimene zinachitika, ngati inu kudalira deta zilipo kuchokera parapithecus. Nthawi nyama si bwino anatsimikiza ofufuza amati zimenezi zinachitika pafupifupi 18 miliyoni zapitazo. Polunazemnye anyani wafunsira anyani akuluakulu ndi Australopithecus.

Kutsimikizira kuti driopithecus angatchedwe kholo la munthu ano, anathandiza kufufuza kapangidwe ka mano ndipo nsagwada za nyama. Nkhani yophunzira zinali zotsalira zopezeka mu France mu 1856. Amadziwika kuti driopithecus maburashi kuwalola kumvetsa komanso kugwira zinthu ndi kuwaponya. Anyani anakakhala makamaka pa mitengo ankakonda azikaweta moyo (kwa chitetezo depredation). Chakudya iwo anatumikira makamaka zipatso ndi zipatso, umene unatsimikiziridwa ndi wosanjikiza zonyalazo enamel pa molars lapansi.

Australopithecus

Australopithecus - kwambiri apelike anthu, kholo populating dziko lapansi mwina pafupifupi 5 miliyoni zapitazo. Anyani ntchito yotumiza nthambi yakumbuyo, ndipo anapita ku malo poluvypryamlennom. Kukula kwa pafupifupi Australopithecus owerengedwa 130-140 masentimita, panali apamwamba kapena kuchepera nyama. Thupi analinso osiyana - kuchokera makilogalamu 20 mpaka 50. Kupeza ndi ubongo buku, omwe analipo pafupifupi 600 masentimita kiyubiki, chithunzi ichi ndi apamwamba kuposa anyani wamkulu moyo lero.

N'zoonekeratu kuti kusintha kwa kaimidwe woongoka zinachititsa kuti amasulidwe manja. Pang'onopang'ono makolo anthu anayamba zida wosazindikira ntchito kulimbana ndi adani, kusakasaka, koma sizinathe anayamba kutulutsa iwo. Mu ntchito zipangizo miyala, mitengo, mafupa a nyama. Australopithecus adalipo kuthetsa m'magulu, kuyambira bwino bwino kuteteza adani. mwakonda chakudya zosiyana m'njira sanali zipatso ndi zipatso, koma nyama.

Kunja Australopithecus ankaoneka ngati anyani kuposa anthu. matupi awo anali ndi tsitsi lakuda.

Homo habilis

Homo habilis zikuwoneka pafupifupi munthu wosiyana Australopithecus Komabe, kwambiri amphamvu chitukuko. Akukhulupirira kuti nthumwi woyamba wa mtundu wa anthu anaonekera miliyoni zapitazo. Kwa nthawi yoyamba zotsalira za habilis Homo anapezeka ku Tanzania, izo zinachitika mu 1959. ubongo buku, amene anali munthu imathandiza choposa ntchitoyo Australopithecus (kusiyana ndi pafupifupi 100 masentimita kiyubiki). Kukula kwa munthu pafupifupi si kupitirira masentimita 150.

Dzina la ana a Australopithecus waweruzidwa mu malo oyamba zomwe anayamba zida achikale. Zamgululi ali makamaka mwala, ankagwiritsa ntchito pa kusaka ndi. Anapeza kuti nyama ndi nthawi zonse mu zakudya anthu skilful. Phunzirani makhalidwe zamoyo ubongo analola asayansi amati imabwera zoyamba za kulankhula, koma ganizo limeneli sanalandire chitsimikiziro mwachindunji.

Homo erectus

Kuthetsa mtundu izi zinachitika miliyoni zapitazo, zotsalira anthu a Homo erectus zopezeka mu Asia, Europe ndi Africa. Voliyumu ya ubongo amene anali oimira Homo erectus, anakwana 1100 masentimita kiyubiki. Iwo akanatha kumupatsa chizindikiro zikumveka, koma phokoso awa anali koma inarticulate.

Homo erectus amadziwika makamaka chakuti anakwanitsa kuchitira zinthu limodzi, mothandizidwa ndi chinawonjezeka poyerekeza ndi mfundo yapita ubongo kukula kusanduka. Makolo a anthu akwanitsa ankasakidwa nyama zikuluzikulu anaphunzira kuti moto, umboni ndi zimapezeka m'mapanga a makala mulu nsembe fupa.

Homo erectus anali kukula mofanana Homo habilis ankasiyana dongosolo chachikale chinkawavuta a chigaza (mazunzo fupa otsika, zikuzimiririka pang'onopang'ono chibwano). Mpaka posachedwapa zapitazo, asayansi ankaganiza kuti anthu a mitundu zinafa pafupifupi 300 zikwi zapitazo, koma zadziŵika posachedwapa kutsutsa mfundo imeneyi. N'zotheka kuti Homo erectus anapeza maonekedwe a anthu amakono.

akalewa

Si kale izo anaganiza kuti akalewa - makolo mwachindunji anthu amakono. Komabe, kafukufuku akusonyeza kuti iwo akuimilira ndi zamoyo zinachita akufa mapeto nthambi. Oimira Homo neanderthalensis wogwidwa ubongo buku limene linali pafupifupi wofanana ndi buku la ubongo zomwe amanenedwa ndi anthu amakono. Kunja, ndi akalewa kale pafupifupi anafanana anyani, kapangidwe ka mandible uti unene luso athandize kulankhula.

Akukhulupirira kuti akalewa anaonekera pafupifupi 200,000 zapitazo. Malo okhala, kuti iwo asankha, wodalira pa nyengo. Izo zikhoza kukhala m'mapanga ndi makola amiyala, magombe mtsinje. Mfuti amene amapangidwa akalewa akhala chipangizo kwambiri. Kusaka anakhalabe ndiwo chakudya, umene ukugwira gulu lalikulu.

Ife tinapeza kuti akalewa anali miyambo inayake, kuphatikizapo omwe akugwirizana ndi moyo wina pambuyo. Kuti iwo anatuluka ndi zoyamba woyamba wa makhalidwe abwino, m'kukoma chisamaliro cha mitundu ya. masitepe oyamba tentative m'munda umenewu kale, monga luso.

Homo sapiens

Oimira loyamba Homo sapiens anaonekera za 130,000 zapitazo. Asayansi ena amanena kuti izi zinachitika ngakhale kale. Kunja, pafupifupi chimodzimodzi? komanso anthu padziko lapansi lero, osati wolemekezeka ndi buku la ubongo.

Opezeka zofukulidwa m'mabwinja zakale n'zotheka kuti amanena kuti poyamba anthu anali kwambiri kuyambira mu mawu a chikhalidwe. Izi zikuonekera bwino ndi anapezazo monga zojambula phanga, zosiyanasiyana zodzikongoletsera, zosemasema ndi chosema, olengedwa mwa iwo. 15 zikwi zaka anatengapo wololera kuti zidzaze dziko lapansi. Kusintha kwa zipangizo zinachititsa kuti chitukuko cha chuma zipatso, otchuka pakati sapiens Homo anayamba ntchito monga nyama husbandry, ulimi. Woyamba midzi yaikulu za nthawi Neolithic.

Anthu ndi anyani: Kufanana

Kufanana mwamuna ndi anyani adakali nkhani ya kafukufuku. Anyani amatha kusuntha miyendo yakumbuyo, koma manja nthawi yomweyo ntchito ngati thandizo. Zala za nyama lilibe misomali, ndi misomali. chiwerengero cha m'mbali Anyani ndi awiriawiri 13, pamene anthu a mtundu wa anthu incisors awo nambala 12., canines ndi molars anthu ndi anyani likufanana. Komanso tisaiwale dongosolo ofanana kachitidwe limba, ziwalo imalandira.

Features akufanana anthu ndi nyani zimaonekera makamaka pamene kuyang'ana njira yosonyezera. Iwo ndikuonetseni chisoni, mkwiyo, chimwemwe. Iwo akonza njira Mwachibadwa makolo kuti kumaonekera posamalira achinyamata. ana awo osati caress, koma mndime cha kusamvera. Anyani ndi kukumbukira kwambiri, angathe atagwira zinthu ndi kuwagwiritsa ntchito zipangizo.

nyama zimenezi atengeke matenda monga typhoid, kolera, nthomba, mwina ndi matenda a Edzi ndi fuluwenza. Palinso majeremusi wamba: mutu nsabwe.

Anthu ndi anyani: kusiyana chachikulu

Asayansi amavomereza kuti anyani chachikulu - makolo a munthu ano. Voliyumu ya ubongo wa munthu avareji 1600 masentimita kiyubiki, pamene chigawo ichi nyama ali 600 Cu. cm. Pafupifupi nthawi 3.5 ndi madera osiyana a kotekisi ubongo.

Ati kusiyana zokhudza maonekedwe, kungakhale yaitali. Mwachitsanzo, akuluakulu a mtundu wa anthu ndi chibwano, milomo zopotoka, limakupatsani kuona mucosa. Iwo sakudziwa kuoneka mano, malo kwambiri ndi maganizo. Anyani ndi mbiya woboola pakati pachifuwa, pamene pangotsala anthu. munthu komanso zimaonetsa mafupa a chiuno zapamwamba, sacrum anatsindika. Nyama, kutalika kwa thupi kuposa kutalika malekezero m'munsi.

Anthu amadziwa, iwo amatha zambiri ndi umboni, ntchito maganizo umboni ndi konkire. Anthu a mtundu wa anthu angathe kulenga zida kukhala m'madera monga luso ndi sayansi. Iwoŵa mawonekedwe zinenero kulankhulana.

ziphunzitso zina

Monga tanenera kale, si anthu onse amavomereza kuti anyani - makolo munthu. Darwin, ambiri otsutsa, zimene zimachititsa mfundo zambiri. Pali ziphunzitso zina kufotokoza maonekedwe a oimira Dziko sapiens Homo. The wamkulu ndi chiphunzitso cha chilengedwe, zomwe zikusonyeza kuti munthu ali wolengedwa analengedwa ndi munthu zauzimu. Maonekedwe a mlengi chimadalira pa zikhulupiriro za chipembedzo. Mwachitsanzo, Akhristu amakhulupirira kuti anthu anaonekera pa zikomo dziko kwa Mulungu.

chiphunzitso china otchuka - danga. Akuti mtundu wa anthu ali ndi chiyambi zakuthambo. Chiphunzitsochi amaona kuli anthu chifukwa cha kuyesera ochitidwa ndi malingaliro dziko. Pali buku lina lomwe limanena kuti mtundu wa anthu ndi wotsikayo kuchokera alendo.