Malangizo yaikulu ya kusintha mpingo wa mabishopu, Nikon: zotsatira ndi phindu

Mu July 1652, pabvomelezo la mfumu ndi Grand Duke wa Russia Alekseya Mihaylovicha Romanova, kholo la Moscow ndi onse Russia wakhala Nikon (mu dziko la dzina lake Nikitoy Mininym). Iye anatenga malo a mbadwa Joseph, yemwe anafa pa April 15 chaka chomwecho.

Pa mwambo kudzipereka unachitikira Mfundo Cathedral, Nikon ali kukakamizidwa ndi Boyar Duma ndi mfumu lonjezo la sanali kulowelera mu zochitika za mpingo. Mwa chochitika iye atachoka anakwera wachifumu wa mpingo, kwambiri kulera yonena ake pamaso pa akuluakulu a boma ndi anthu wamba.

yolembedwa ndi zampingo ulamuliro Union

Pliability a mfumu imeneyi anafotokoza ndi maudindo:

• kugwira kusintha mpingo, kuti mpingo kwambiri ngati Greek: kuti atchule miyambo latsopano, tithe, mabuku (pamaso pomanga mabishopu, Nikon mu ufumu San naye chifukwa cha mfundo imeneyi, ndi mbadwa anali kupanga wochirikiza ake);

• kusankha mavuto mfundo yachilendo (nkhondo ndi Poland ndi reunification ndi Ukraine).

Mfumu analandira mawu a Nikon, komanso analola kholo nawo pothetsa zofunika anthu.

Komanso, Alexis Nikon chopatsika mutu wa "wolamulira wamkulu" omwe poyamba anali kupereka yekha Filaret Romanov. Choncho, Alexis ndi mabishopu, nalowa mgwirizano pafupi, kupeza kuti zofuna zawo ndi ubwino.

Chiyambi cha kusintha

Kukhala kholo, Nikon anayamba mwachangu ulesi zoyesayesa zonse kuvutitsa mpingo. Chifukwa cha ntchito yake amphamvu ndipo anakopa mfumu kuthetsa 1650s anatha kugwiritsa angapo miyeso kuti tathanthauzira mbali yaikulu ya kusintha Nikon a.

Yambani masinthidwe zinachitika mu 1653, pamene Ukraine anali mbali ya boma Russian ndikoyambitsidwa. Ilo silinali mwangozi. Kutaya yekha wa wachipembedzo envisaged kusintha miyambo ziwiri zazikulu. kusintha mpingo wa kholo Nikon, akamanena za umene unali kusintha perstopolozheniya ndi atagwada, anafotokoza motere:

• ankagona n'kuyamba m'chiuno;

• dvoeperstnoe chizindikiro cha mtanda, anatengera ku Russia pamodzi ndi Chikhristu ndi mbali svyatoapostolskogo mwambo, linasintha troeperstiem.

Chizunzo loyamba

Njira yoyamba kusintha cha mpingo inali sagwirizana ndi ulamuliro wa bungwe mpingo. Komanso, iwo ukasintha anasintha maziko a miyambo ndi bwino, amati ndi chizindikiro cha chikhulupiriro choona, ndipo anachititsa funde la mkwiyo ndi kusakhutira pakati pa atsogoleri ndi atsogoleri a chipembedzowo.

Malangizo yaikulu ya kusintha mpingo wa mabishopu, Nikon zinali chifukwa cha zimene pa tebulo, mfumuyo inapita mapemphero angapo, ndipo makamaka kwa anzake akale ndi anzake mu utumiki mpingo - Lazaro, Ivana Neronova, Dikoni Fedor Ivanov Protopopov Daniila Habakuku ndi Loggin. Komabe, Alexis, kukhala ofanana wabwino ndi mbadwa, sanatenge dandaulo kuganizira, ndi mutu wa mpingo mofulumira kuletsa zionetsero: Habakuku ku Siberia, Ivan Neronov anamangidwa Spasokamennom ansembe yotchedwa ndi wansembe Daniel anatumizidwa ku Astrakhan (zisanafike makirediti udindo wake wansembe).

Chotero zoipa kusintha chiyambi amakakamizidwa Nikon kusintha njira zawo ndi kuchita mwadala kwambiri.

masitepe wotsatira anali amapereka mwa ulamuliro wa mabishopu, mabishopu Achigiriki a mpingo ndi bungwe mpingo. Izi zinadzetsa kuoneka kuti zochita amapangidwa ndi kuwonjezeredwa ndi Mpingo Orthodox wa Constantinople, amene kwambiri analimbitsa zimakhudza awo pa anthu.

Zimene kutembenuza

Malangizo yaikulu ya kusintha mpingo wa mabishopu, Nikon anapangitsa kugawanika kwa mpingo. Wokhulupirika anathandiza kukhazikitsa latsopano mabuku utumiki, miyambo, mpingo tithe ankatchedwa nikonianami (novoobryadtsev); potsutsa mbali, kulimbikitsa usages mwambo ndiponso mfundo achipembedzo ena otchedwa yokha Old Okhulupirira Old Ritualists kapena Orthodox wakale. Komabe nikonianami, kugwiritsa ntchito zothandizira mipingo yawo za kholo ndi mfumu, ananena otsutsa ziboda kusintha, kusuntha chala iwo kwa kugawanika mu mpingo. mpingo Wake womwewo ankaona zikuluzikulu, chikale.

chilengedwe kholo lakale

Bishop Nikon, popanda maphunziro yabwino, ali atazunguliridwa yekha ndi asayansi, pakati pawo gawo lofunika ankaimba Arseny Greek, anaphunzitsidwa ndi Ajezwiti. Kusamukira ku East, iye analandira chipembedzo cha Muhamadi, patapita kanthawi - Orthodoxy, ndiyeno - Chikatolika. Iye anali wandende agulupa Solovetsky monga wosokoneza oopsa. Komabe, Nikon nakhala mutu wa mpingo, ina Arseniya Greka wachiwiri wake wamkulu, amene anachititsa kudandaula pakati pa anthu Orthodox wa Russia. Popeza anthu wamba sitingamatsutsane ndi mbadwa, ndi otetezeka kupereka mapulani, ndi thandizo la mfumu.

Malangizo yaikulu ya kusintha mpingo wa mabishopu, Nikon

Mutu wa mpingo sanali kulabadira kwa kusakhutira wa anthu Russia zochita zake. Iye molimba anayenda kwa cholinga, mosamalitsa ndikukhazikitsa zaluso mu dera achipembedzo.

kusintha Directions mpingo wa mabishopu, Nikon kuika kusintha kumeneku:

• pa ubatizo, ukwati, chithandizo kudzipereka chachitika ndi dzuwa (pamene miyambo yakale ya mlandu wake ndi dzuwa mu chizindikiro cha kutsatira Khristu);

• mabuku atsopano mu dzina la Mwana wa Mulungu olembedwa mu kalembedwe Greek - Yesu, pomwe mabuku akale - Yesu;

• awiri (augmented) Aleluya wakhala m'malo ndi patatu (Tregub);

• m'malo semiprosforiya (Divine mapemphero ndi pa asanu cha mikate yopanda chofufumitsa) polima pyatiprosforie;

• mabuku mapemphero zinatuluka tsopano mu Akatolika yosindikiza nyumba ya Paris ndi Venice, osati pamanja; Komanso, mabuku amenewa amaonedwa molakwika, ndipo ngakhale Ahelene anawaitana pogreshitelnymi;

• lemba la Kumvera kwa Apostoli mu Nsanja ya mabuku mapemphero osindikizidwa mu Moscow poyerekeza ndi makhalidwe lemba lolembedwa sakkos Metropolitan Photius; kusiyana zopezeka mu malemba awa, komanso m'mabuku ena, zinachititsa chakuti Nikon waganiza kukonza ndi kupereka chitsanzo cha mabuku Greek mapemphero.

Kotero zonse mu zonse izo zimawoneka kachipembedzo kusintha kwa mabishopu, Nikon. Old Okhulupirira mwambo ochuluka reworked. Nikon ndi mbali zake encroached pa kusintha kwa maziko wakale wa mpingo ndi miyambo anatengedwa kuchokera nthawi ya ubatizo wa Russia. kusintha mwadzidzidzi sanali ukule ya ulamuliro wa mabishopu. Kuzunzidwa ndi olambira mwa miyambo yakale ya anthu, zinachititsa chakuti mbali yaikulu ya kusintha mpingo wa mabishopu, Nikon, ngati yekha, anakhala odious anthu wamba.