Sofya Kovalevskaya: yonena, zithunzi ndi kuchita. Yoyamba wamkazi pulofesa wa masamu

Kovalevskaya Sofya Vasilevna anabadwa January 3, 1850 mu Moscow. Amayi ake anali Elizabeth Schubert. Atate General Korvin-Krukovskiy zida zankhondo, pa nthawi ya kubadwa kwa mwana wake wamkazi anatumikira monga mkulu wa zida za. Pamene iye anali zisanu ndi chimodzi, iye anapuma ndipo anakakhala ku malo banja. Tiganizire moposera, chouza Sofya Kovalevskaya.

Wambiri: Childhood

Pamene banja lonse (makolo ndi ana aakazi awiri) anakakhala ku malo banja la atate wake, mtsikana ntchito aphunzitsi. Chinthu chokha kumene pulofesa tsogolo la masamu sasamalira chidwi iliyonse, kapena mphamvu iliyonse, anali masamu. Komabe, zinthu zasintha kwambiri pa nthawi. Kuphunzira masamu inatenga zaka 10 ndi theka. Kenako, Sofia Kovalevskaya ankaona kuti imeneyi ndi anampatsa maziko a nzeru zonse. Mtsikanayu bwino kuphunzira chinthu mwamsanga mavuto onse. mphunzitsi wake Malevich pamaso ajebura anamupatsa kuphunzira masamu Bourdon (ziwiri buku Inde, amene anaphunzitsidwa pa nthawi imeneyo ku yunivesite ya Paris). Mmodzi mwa anansi, ndipo inati kupambana mtsikana, bambo ake anauzidwa kuti ganyu Strannolyubski panyanja mkulu kupitiriza maphunziro. Latsopano mphunzitsi pa phunziro loyamba kakyulasi masiyanidwe anadabwa cha changu chimene Sonia waphunzira mfundo otumphukira ndi malire.

ukwati fictitious

Mu 1863, pa Mariinsky zolimbitsa thupi anatsegula maphunziro mphunzitsi maphunziro amene m'gulu dipatimenti wapakamwa ndi lachilengedwe masamu. Alongo Anna ndi Sofia titapita kumeneko. Koma vuto linali loti atsikana osakwatiwa kusukulu sali. Choncho iwo anakakamizika kulowa m'banja. Bwenzi Anna Vladimir Kovalevsky linasankhidwa. Komabe, ukwati pakati pawo sizinachitike. Paulendo wina wa anauza Anna kuti iye anali wokonzeka kukwatiwa, koma mlongo wake, Sonia. Patapita nthawi, iye yemwe amatengedwa kupita nyumba ndipo anayamba ndi chilolezo cha atate, mkwati mlongo chachiwiri. Panthawiyo iye anali 26, ndipo Sophia - zaka 18.

A siteji chatsopano

Palibe longoganizira ndiye mavuto otani atakwatirana ndi mavuto Sofia Kovalevskaya. Wambiri ya mwamuna wake kugunda amakopeka naye aliyense amene ankamudziwa. Iye anayamba ganyu zaka 16, kupanga mabuku achilendo amene anawamasulira kuti amalonda Gostiny Dvor. Kovalevsky wogwidwa ndi pokumbukira, ntchito kwambiri komanso kulingalira anthu. Iye m'gulu anakana utumiki malamulo, wolowa m'malo mwake ntchito yake yosindikiza ku St. Petersburg. Zinali iye amene ankayimira ndipo anamasulira mabuku amene wakhala kufunika kwambiri anthu pang'onopang'ono kwa dziko. Nditabwerera ndi mwamuna wake ndi mlongo ku St. Petersburg, Sofia Kovalevskaya anayamba kupezeka nkhani mseri. Iye anaganiza zopatsa mphamvu zonse yekha kwa sayansi. Chinthu chokha chimene angakonde kuchita Sofia Kovalevskaya, - masamu. Atakhoza mayeso ndipo analandira kalata ya kukhwima, iye kachiwiri anabwerera ku Strannolyubski. Naye, iye Adadzadzidwa kwambiri kuphunzira sayansi, akukonzekera kenako kupitiriza ntchito kudziko lina.

mapangidwe

Pa chiyambi cha April 1869 Sofia Kovalevskaya ndi mlongo wake ndi mwamuna wake ku Vienna. Panali Akatswiriwa zofunika ndiye Vladimiru Onufrievichu. Komabe, mu Vienna panali asayansi amphamvu. Choncho Kovalevskaya wasankha kupita ku Heidelberg. Amagonjera ake, linali dziko lolonjezedwa kwa ophunzira. Pambuyo kugonjetsa angapo mavuto Commission anapanga akadali Sophia kumvetsera nkhani pa sayansi ndi masamu. Pakuti telemu atatu, anapezeka Kuchita Koenigsberger, anaphunzitsa chiphunzitso cha ntchito dzira. Komanso, anapezeka nkhani pa sayansi ndi masamu Kirchhoff, Helmholtz, thundu Raymond ntchito zasayansi motsogozedwa ndi sayansi Bunsen. Anthu onsewa anali asayansi odziwika mu Germany. aphunzitsi anali luso anadabwa wogwidwa Kovalevskaya. Sofya anagwira ntchito kwambiri. Iye mwamsanga katswiri mfundo zonse poyambira, omwe analola kuti tiyambe kufufuza kwanu. Iye analandira ndemanga mokalipa kokha mwa Koenigsberger mphunzitsi wake - sikolala akuluakulu a nthawi imeneyo Karl Weierstrass. Last m'nthawi otchedwa "Katswiri lalikulu."

Kugwira ntchito ndi Weierstrass

Sofia Kovalevskaya m'dzina la cholinga apamwamba osankhidwa kuthetsa mantha ndiponso manyazi ndi chiyambi cha October 1870 anapita ku Berlin. Professor Weierstrass anali safuna kulankhula ndi tichotse Alendo, lidaupereka ntchito angapo ku deralo ntchito hyperbolic, kuitana ake mu sabata. Kukhala ndi nthawi kuti asiye kucheza, wasayansi sayembekezera kuona Kovalevskaya pa nthawi yoikidwiratu. Iye anaonekera pakhomo ndipo analengeza kuti mavuto onse kuthetsedwa. Patapita nthawi Weierstrass yofunsira kuti Kovalevskaya pasukulu kumva nkhani masamu. Komabe, sikunali kotheka kuti kukwaniritsa Kaupo Kakulu chilolezo. Pa University of Berlin osati analembetsa akazi ophunzira. Iwo sanali ngakhale kumapita ku nkhani ngati omverawo. Choncho, Kovalevskaya anayenera okha okha owathandiza payekha Weierstrass. Monga tanenera a m'nthawi, wasayansi lopambana nthawi kuletsedwa omvera ukulu maganizo. Koma chidwi ndi ludzu kudziwa Kovalevskaya adamfunsa Weierstrass bwino ntchito. Iye yekha Nthawi zambiri kuthetsa mavuto osiyana, mokwanira kuyankha mafunso ovuta kwambiri wa wophunzira wake. M'nthawi ananena kuti kufunika othokoza Kovalevskaya, chifukwa iye anali wokhoza kuti mupewe ndi kutsekedwa kwa Weierstrass.

Woyamba ntchito palokha

Mu kufufuza za muyezo wa mphete Saturn a. Asanachite ntchito Kovalevskaya Laplace (French zakuthambo, sayansi ndi masamu). Mu pepala lake, iye ankaona Saturn mphete mawonekedwe a zovuta zingapo woonda, sizitithandiza mzake, magulu. Phunzirolo lili mkati, adapeza kuti mu gawo mtanda izo zikufotokozedwa mu mawonekedwe a ellipse ndi. Komabe, njira chimenechi woyamba, simplistic kwambiri. Kovalevskaya analandira kuphunzira kwa zolondola equilibration mphete. Iwo anatsimikiza kuti mu gawo lina mtanda ayenera kuperekedwa mu mawonekedwe a chowulungika ndi.

nkhani yolembedwa

Chiyambireni cha chisanu 1873 ndipo m'chaka cha 1874 Kovalevskaya ankachita nawo kuphunzira masiyanidwe maikwezhoni tsankho ena ofanana. Ankayenera kupereka ntchito ngati zolemba pamaphunziro digirii. Ntchito yake wachititsa chidwi mu asayansi. Patapita Komabe, chinapezeka kuti phunziro limeneli kale unachitikira Augustin Cauchy - wotchuka French sikolala. Koma ntchito yake anapereka Kovalevskaya Lingaliro Lovomerezeka mawonekedwe, angwiro mu kuphweka ake, rigor ndi cholondola. Choncho, vuto anayamba kutchedwa "Cauchy-Kovalevskaya Lingaliro Lovomerezeka." Iwo ali nawo mu zonse kusanthula maphunziro ofunikira. Chidwi kwambiri ndi mu kusanthula kwake kwa kutentha aone kuti pali. Phunziro Kovalevskaya anawulula kuli zochitika zapadera. Kunali kofunika kwa nthawi yoyamba ija. Mu nthawi iyi ya maphunziro ake itatha. Bungwe la ku yunivesite ya Gottingen digiri nzeru za masamu ndi Master of Wabwino Tirhana "ndi matamando apamwamba" iye anali kupereka.

Ndi mwamuna wake

Mu 1874 Sofia Kovalevskaya anabweranso Russia. Komabe, kunyumba pa nthawi imeneyo zinthu zinali zoopsa kuti iwo sanalole kuti titsatire sayansi ankafuna. Ndi nthawi ukwati ndi mwamuna wake anakhala pano. nthawi yoyamba anakhala ku Germany, iwo ankakhala m'mizinda yosiyanasiyana, anaphunzira m'sukulu zosiyanasiyana. Kulankhulana ndi mwamuna wake imachitika kudzera m'makalata. Kenako Komabe, ubwenzi anatenga maonekedwe osiyana. Mu 1878, Kovalevskaya anabereka mwana wamkazi. Pambuyo iye anabadwa pafupifupi miyezi isanu ndi umodzi Sophia anakhala mu bedi. Madokotala ndinalibe chiyemebekezo kuchira. Lake akadali anapambana, koma mtima agwidwa ndi matenda oopsa.

Kutha kwa banja

Kovalevskaya anali mwamuna, mwana, chibwana lapamtima. Zingatanthauze kuti ayenera kukhala lokwanira kukhala osangalala kwambiri. Koma Kovalevskaya unali wachilendo maximalism mozungulira. Iye nthawi zonse kulamula mkulu wa moyo ndi onse akukhala naye. Iye amakhoza zonse kumva kuchokera kwa mwamuna wanga malumbiro a chikondi, nakhumba kuti nthawi zonse anasonyeza chidwi chake. Koma Kovalevsky sanatero. Iye anali munthu wosiyana, changu mochuluka sayansi, komanso mkazi wake. Complete kugwa timakhala linafika pamene anaganiza kuyamba bizinesi. Komabe, ngakhale, Kovalevskaya adakhalabe woona mtima kwa sayansi. Koma sakanatha kugwira ntchito Russia. Pambuyo pa kupha mfumu ya zinthu pa dziko lafika poipa kwambiri. Sophia ndi mwana wake ku Berlin, ndipo mwamuna wake - kuti Odessa, m'bale wake. Komabe, Vladimir Onufrievich kwambiri akodwa mu zochitika malonda, ndipo usiku wa pa 15 pa April 16, 1883 wadzipha. Kovalevskaya anali mu Paris pamene ine ndiri ndi uthenga. Pambuyo pa malirowo, anabwerera Berlin, iye anapita Weierstrass.

University Stockholm

Weierstrass anamva za imfa ya mwamuna wake Kowalewski, amene nthawi zonse tiyeni Sophia akufuna kupanga sayansi cholinga cha moyo wonse, analemba Mitgag-Leffler, mnzake wake. M'kalata ananena za chakuti tsopano palibe moona kulola mwana kupitiriza ntchito. Posachedwa Weierstrass anatha kusangalatsa Kovalevskaya ayankhe zabwino Sweden. January 30, 1884 atawerenga nkhani choyamba. The Inde, zomwe timawerenga mu German Kovalevskaya, inali ya chikhalidwe payekha. Komabe, iye anamupanga iye ndi pamawu kwambiri. Kumapeto kwa June 1884, iye analandira uthenga amene adamuikayo pulofesa kwa zaka 5.

ntchito watsopano

Koposa wamkazi pulofesa chinakula kafukufuku. Tsopano iye wakhala akuphunzira imodzi mwa ambiri zokhudza okhwima thupi kasinthasintha. Iye anakhulupirira kuti ngati iye akanakhoza kulikonza ilo, dzina lake zidzawonjezedwa kwa chiwerengero cha asayansi ambiri otchuka a dziko. Malinga ndi ziwerengero chake, zaka 5 zokwanira ntchito.

Creative kulemba

M'chaka cha 1886, Sofya analandira uthenga mu chikhalidwe kwambiri mlongo wake. Iye anapita kunyumba. Kovalevskaya anabwerera ku Stockholm mwankhawa. Mu chikhalidwe ichi, sangathe kupitiriza kuphunzira. Komabe, iye anapeza njira anene maganizo awo pa okha, maganizo awo. ntchito zolembalemba anakhala chinthu chachiwiri chofunika kwambiri, umene ukugwira Sofia Kovalevskaya. bukhulo lomwe iye analemba pa nthawi ndi Anne-Charlotte Edgren-Leffler, kotero kulanda izo, mu nthawi iyi sanabwerere kufufuza.

anapeza mbiri

Atachira mantha ndi, Kovalevskaya umabwerera kwa ntchito za sayansi. Iye amayesetsa kuti vuto la kasinthasintha wa thupi okhwima mozungulira mfundo lolemera malo amodzi. Kumachepetsa vuto kwa kusakanikirana a dongosolo la maikwezhoni kuti wakhala kumatanthauza atatu yofunika. vuto kwathunthu kuthetsedwa, pamene n'zotheka kupeza chachinayi. Iye kawiri apezeka pamaso kutsegula kwa Kovalevskaya. Asayansi amene afufuza vuto akhala Lagrange ndi Euler. Kovalevska wapezeka nkhani wachitatu ndi wachinayi yofunika thereto. Chisankho mu uthunthu wake anali zovuta kwambiri. Kulimbana ndi ntchito anathandiza chidziwitso chonse ntchito hyperelliptic. Ndipo tsopano 4 algebraic yofunika unalipo milandu atatu: Lagrange, Euler, ndi Kovalevskaya.

Borden linapereka

Mu 1888, 6 December, Paris Academy kalata Kovalevskaya. Akuti iye anali kupereka mphoto bolodi. Izo ziyenera kuti zaka theka kuyambira pochimanga anakhala mwini wa anthu 10. Pankhaniyi, zonsezi nthawi quire izo mokwanira kupereka, koma kwa munthu, njira inayake. Isanafike kutsegula mphoto Kovalevskaya palibe amene anali kupereka kwa zaka zitatu zotsatizana. sabata A atalandira uthenga, iye anapita ku Paris. Pulezidenti wa Academy of Janssen, zakuthambo ndi sayansi, mwansangala Sofya Vasilyevna. Iye anati chifukwa cha kuopsa kwa kufufuza izo, umafunika ndi kuchuluka kwa 3 franc 5 zikwi.

Mphoto ya Swedish Academy

Atalandira mphoto Borden Kovalevskaya anakakhala pafupi Paris. Apa iye anapitiriza maphunziro a matupi kasinthasintha kwa mpikisano mphoto ya Mfumu Oscar II wa Swedish Academy. Mu autumn, chiyambi cha teremu ku yunivesite, iye anabwerera ku Stockholm. ntchito anapita mofulumira kwambiri. Kovalevskaya anafuna kukhala nthawi kumaliza phunziro, kugonjera ntchito kwa mpikisano. Chifukwa ntchito yake anapata akorona mazana khumi ndi asanu.

Pofuna kuti abwerere ku Russia

Ngakhale zinapambana, Kovalevskaya sanasangalale kanthu. Iye anapita kuchipatala, koma sanamalize izo. Patapita kanthawi pang'ono, thanzi lake kuchichepetsa kachiwiri. Mmenemonso, Kovalevskaya analephera kupitiriza kuphunzira ndi asiya mabuku. kulakalaka Russia, iye anayesa kuti tisiye nkhani ya anthu ndi kwawo. Iye anali mumamva kwambiri kukhala m'dziko lachilendo. Koma ngakhale bwino kwabasi, izo sizinali ayenera kutenga malo mu mayunivesite m'deralo. Hope anabwera pamene November 7, 1888 iye anasankhidwa membala lolingana wa Physics ndi Masamu ya Russian Academy. Mu April 1890, iye anapita kwawo. Kovalevskaya akhadikhira kuti idzasankha membala wa Academy amene anafa Schwarz m'malo. Choncho, akhoza kupeza ndalama zawozawo, amene udzabweretsa mudziwe zambiri m'dziko lawo.

Zaka zomalizira za moyo wake

Mu St. Petersburg Kovalevskaya kangapo anali kuyendera Pulezidenti wa Russian Academy. Grand Duke Konstantin anali nthawi zonse Kusonyeza wachifundo kwa iye, kuti izo zikanakhala zabwino ngati mkaziyo anabwerera kunyumba. Koma pamene Kovalevskaya akhafuna kampereka monga membala mtolankhani wa Academy pa msonkhano anamukaniza chifukwa "si mwambo". Wamkulu chipongwe mu Russia izo zikanakhoza chilongosoko. Mu September, Kovalevskaya anafikanso ku Stockholm. January 29, 1891, iye anamwalira ali ndi zaka 41, chaka cha matenda a mtima.

Pomaliza

Kovalevskaya anali munthu wapadera kwambiri. Iye anali kwambiri wovuta mu chirichonse chimene atazunguliridwa ake. Izi wamba Russian masamu ndi injiniya, wasayansi wamkulu, amene anapereka mphamvu zake zonse sayansi. Ndi zomvetsa chisoni kuona kuti Russia pa nthawi imeneyo iye sanali anawamasulira chifukwa tcheru sichinayambe anazindikira ubwino, ngakhale kutchuka mkulu mu mabwalo sayansi kunja. Suli kutali ndi Great anyezi Museum ili Sofia Kovalevskaya. Polibino anali kwawo chachiwiri, malo anasonyeza kukopa kwake kwa sayansi.