Mapuloteni: udindo kwachilengedwenso. Udindo zamoyo mapuloteni mu thupi

Mapuloteni, ntchito zamoyo tikambirana lero - inamangidwa ndi mankhwala apamwamba maselo a amino zidulo. Mwa mankhwala ena onse organic, iwo ali mwa zovuta kwambiri dongosolo lawo. Ndi elemental zikuchokera mapuloteni amasiyana mafuta ndi chakudya: kuwonjezera mpweya, hydrogen ndi mpweya iwo muli asafe. Komanso, mbali yofunika ya mapuloteni zofunika kwambiri ndi sulfure, ndi ena ali ayodini, chitsulo ndi phosphorous.

Udindo zamoyo mapuloteni ndi lalitali kwambiri. Ndi kugwirizana awa amapanga mbali yaikulu ya unyinji wa protoplasm, ndi mtima maselo amoyo. nyama ndi zomera zamoyo zonse mapuloteni.

Chimodzi kapena ntchito angapo

Udindo kwachilengedwenso ntchito za mankhwala osiyana zake ziri zosiyana. Monga chinthu ndi dongosolo yeniyeni mankhwala, aliyense mapuloteni imagwira ntchito yapadera kwambiri. Only mu zina angachichite zingapo zogwirizana. Mwachitsanzo, Epinephrine, amene amapangidwa mu medulla adrenal, kulowa magazi, kumaonjezera magazi ndi mowa mpweya, shuga. Komanso, ndi stimulant wa kagayidwe, pamene mwankhanzaku nyama - ndi nkhoswe ya ubongo. Monga mukuonera, kuti amagwira ntchito zambiri nthawi imodzi.

The enzymatic (othandizira) Ntchito

Angapo amuzolengedwa zochita kunachitika zamoyo, akutsatiridwa m'mikhalidwe wofatsa umene kutentha pafupi 40 ° C, ndi pH pafupifupi ndale. Pansi pa zikhalidwe izi, negligible mlingo wa zosayembekezereka ya ambiri mwa iwo. Choncho, pofuna kuti anazindikira, tiyenera michere - yeniyeni kwachilengedwenso catalysts. Pafupifupi zochita onse, kupatulapo photolysis madzi zamoyo ndi catalyzed ndi michere izo. zinthu izi mwina mapuloteni kapena maofesi mapuloteni ndi cofactor (organic molekyulu kapena ion zitsulo). Michere kusankha kwambiri kudzipheralo ndondomeko zofunika. Choncho, ntchito othandizira, kukambirana pamwamba, - mmodzi wa anthu amene ali ndi mapuloteni. Udindo kwachilengedwenso mankhwala amenewa, kukhazikitsa si. Pali zinthu zina zambiri zimene tidzakambirane pansipa.

ntchito zoyendera

Pakuti kuli maselo kumafuna kuti kuchuluka kwa zinthu mu mkati mwa izo, yomwe ndi mphamvu ndi zomangila. nembanemba amalandira zimamangidwa mfundo wamba. Izi wosanjikiza awiri a lipids, mapuloteni anali kutumizidwa mu izo. Pa nthawi yomweyo kuganizira hydrophilic macromolecules malo padziko Kakhungu ndi makulidwe awo - hydrophobic "michira". Kapangidwe Izi Anachita zigawo zikuluzikulu zofunika: amino zidulo, dzuwa, soda zitsulo ayoni. The malowedwe a zinthu izi mu maselo kumachitika kudzera mapuloteni zoyendera ndi ophatikizidwa mu khungu nembanemba. Akanika Mwachitsanzo, pali mapuloteni yapadera yomwe imapereka kulanda lactose (mkaka shuga) kudzera Kakhungu lakunja.

Mu zamoyo multicellular, pali dongosolo zoyendera zinthu zosiyana kwa chiwalo wina ndi mzake. Tikuyankhula makamaka za hemoglobin (onani chithunzi pamwambapa). Mu madzi a m'magazi, kuwonjezera, ndi zonse seramu albumin (a mapuloteni zoyendera). Amatha kupanga maofesi khola anapanga ndi chimbudzi zidulo mafuta mafuta, komanso angapo kwa amino zidulo hydrophobic (mwachitsanzo, tryptophan) ndi mankhwala ambiri (ena penicillin, sulfonamides, ndi aspirin). Transferrin, amene amathandiza zoyendera mu thupi la ayoni chitsulo, ndi chitsanzo china. Tchulani akhale ndi tseruplazmin lomwe limayendetsa ayoni mkuwa. Kotero, ife anayang'ana pa ntchito zoyendera kuti achite mapuloteni. udindo wawo kwachilengedwenso ndi mfundo imeneyi n'kofunika kwambiri.

cholandilira ntchito

Mapuloteni zolandilira zofunika kwambiri, makamaka viability wa zamoyo multicellular. Iwo Integrated mu plasma selo nembanemba ndi kutumikira kumvetsa komanso kusintha zina mwa zizindikiro akulowamo selo. Pankhaniyi chizindikiro ikhoza kukhala kwa maselo ena ndi malo ozungulira. Acetylcholine zolandilira panyengo kwambiri kuphunzira. Zikupezeka angapo ojambula interneuron pa khungu nembanemba, kuphatikizapo pa kugwirizana neuromuscular mu kotekisi ubongo. mapulotini izi kucheza ndi acetylcholine ndi kupereka chizindikiro mkati mwa selo.

Mtundu kulandira chizindikiro ndiponso akatembenuka ziyenera kuchotsedwa kuti akonzekere selo anatha kuona zizindikiro zina. Kwa cholinga, acetylcholinesterase - enzyme wapadera, zomwe ndi chothandizira kwa hydrolysis wa acetylcholine kuti choline ndi nthochi. Si n'chofunika kwambiri ndipo lilime ntchito imene imagwira mapuloteni? Udindo zamoyo izi, ntchito zoteteza thupi ndi zoopsa. Ndi sitingapeze sudalingane.

ntchito zoteteza

chitetezo cha thupi kuyankha maonekedwe a mbadwo wa particles yachilendo ya ambiri lymphocytes. Angathe kuwononga zinthu kusankha. Izi particles lina kukhala maselo a khansa, tizilombo tizilombo ta supramolecular (macromolecules, mavairasi, etc.). B lymphocytes - gulu la lymphocytes, umene umabala mapuloteni wapadera. mapulotini awa odziwika mu m'thupi. Iwo amazindikira particles yachilendo, motero kupanga sitepe chiwonongeko kwambiri yeniyeni zovuta. mapulotini awa amatchedwa immunoglobulins. antigens A anatchula zinthu zachilendo kuti hule chitetezo cha m'thupi ayankhe.

kapangidwe ntchito

Komanso mapulotini ntchito apadera kwambiri komanso ndi kumene mtengo kwakukulukulu structural. Chifukwa cha iwo, anapereka mphamvu mawotchi ndi katundu wina wa zimakhala zinthu zamoyo. mapulotini Zikuphatikizapo, makamaka kolajeni. Kolajeni (chithunzi cm. Pansipa) mu nyama ndi kota zomanga thupi misa. Iwo apanga mu maselo waukulu amene amapanga minofu connective (otchedwa fibroblasts).

Poyamba, kolajeni ndi kupangidwa ngati procollagen - kalambulabwalo yoyenda mankhwala mankhwala fibroblasts. Ndiye anapanga mu unyolo polypeptide atatu, wopota mu mwauzimu ndi. Iwo afika pamodzi kuchokera fibroblasts mu kolajeni fibrils wa nanometers mazana angapo awiri. Yotsirizira kupanga kolajeni filaments, amene angathe kale chooneka ndi maso. The zimakhala zotanuka (m'mapapo makoma, ndi mitsempha ya magazi pakhungu) extracellular masanjidwewo kolajeni kuwonjezera, mulinso mapuloteni elastin. Iwo akhoza anatambasula osiyanasiyana mwachilungamo lonse kenako analili wapachiyambi. Chitsanzo china ndi mapuloteni structural kuti angapereke pano - ndi silika fibroin. Iwo n'kopanda pa mapangidwe ndi mbozi pupa njenjete. Ndi mbali yaikulu ya silika ulusi. Ife tsopano akufotokoza mapuloteni galimoto.

mota mapuloteni

Ndi kukhazikitsa galimoto njira yaikulu kwachilengedwenso ntchito ya mapuloteni. Mwachidule kumuuza za izi ndi ntchito zawo. Minofu chidule - ndi ndondomeko imene mphamvu mankhwala ali n'kukhala ntchito makina. Direct mamembala ake ali mapulotini awiri - myosin ndi akitini. Myosin ali ndi dongosolo zachilendo kwambiri. Iwo aumbike mwa awiri globular mutu ndi mchira (yaitali filamentary gawo). Pafupifupi 1600 nm ndi kutalika kwa kam'bulu kamodzi. Pamitu kachigawo Choncho mlandu 200 nm.

Akitini (onani chithunzi pamwambapa) - ndi globular mapuloteni ndi kulemera maselo a 42000. Zimakhala polymerized kupanga dongosolo yaitali, ndiponso m'njira ndi mutu wa myosin. Chinthu chofunika kwambiri pa ndondomeko - kudalira ake pamaso pa ATP. Ngati ndende yake ndi mokwanira mkulu, anapanga myosin ndi akitini zovuta zikadzawonongedwa, ndiye anachira ndikatha ATP hydrolysis kumachitika chifukwa cha myosin ATPase. Zimenezi zingaoneke Mwachitsanzo, mu njira, mmene mapuloteni onse alipo. Zimakhala viscous chifukwa chakuti mkulu maselo kulemera zovuta anapanga pakalibe ATP. Kuwonjezera izo kwambiri amachepetsa kukhuthala chifukwa chiwonongeko cha zovuta kulengedwa, pambuyo pake pang'onopang'ono wayamba kuchira chifukwa cha ATP hydrolysis. Mu ndondomeko ya minofu chidule, ankachita izi kumathandiza zofunika kwambiri.

maantibayotiki

Tipitirize kuulula za mutu wakuti "Udindo zamoyo mapuloteni mu thupi." lalikulu kwambiri komanso wofunika kwambiri gulu la mankhwala achilengedwe zinthu wotchedwa mankhwala. Akuchokera kwa tizilombo tating'onoting'ono. zinthu izi zigwire mitundu wapadera tizilombo. Udindo zamoyo amino zidulo ndi mapuloteni ndi wosatsutsika, koma mankhwala ndi yapadera, ntchito zofunika kwambiri. Iwo ziletsa kukula kwa tizilombo kuti kupikisana nawo. Mu 1940s, ndi anapeza komanso kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala zasinthiratu zochizira matenda oyamba ndi bakiteriya. Tikumbukenso kuti nthawi zambiri maantibayotiki HIV sachita, kotero kuzigwiritsa ntchito ngati mankhwala mavairasi oyambitsa ndi operewera.

Zitsanzo za mankhwala

Penicillin gulu ankaphedwa kaye ntchito. Zitsanzo za gulu ili ampicillin ndi benzylpenicillin. Maantibayotiki pa limagwirira kanthu ndi mankhwala chikhalidwe osiyanasiyana. Ena mwa anthu amene ankagwiritsa ntchito lero, kucheza ndi ribosomes anthu, pamene ribosomes bakiteriya imathetsa mapuloteni kaphatikizidwe. Pa nthawi yomweyo iwo alibe kucheza ndi ribosomes eukaryotic. Choncho, kwa maselo bakiteriya ali zoipa, ndi zinyama ndi anthu otsika kawopsedwe. mankhwala zimenezo zimaphatikizapo streptomycin ndi ndi chloramphenicol (ndi chloramphenicol).

Udindo zamoyo kaphatikizidwe mapuloteni ndi zofunika kwambiri, koma ndondomeko iyoyomwe magawo angapo. Tikambirana yekha mu mawu ambiri.

The ndondomeko ndi udindo zamoyo mapuloteni biosynthesis

Zimenezi ndi multistage, zovuta. Kumachitika mu ribosomes - organelles yeniyeni. Mu khola pali ya ribosomes. Mu E. coli Mwachitsanzo, pali pafupifupi 20 chikwi.

"Fotokozani ndondomeko ya mapuloteni biosynthesis ndi udindo kwachilengedwenso" - ntchito ambiri timalandira mu sukulu. Ndipo zinapangitsa mavuto ambiri. Chabwino, tiyeni tipeze pamodzi.

Mapuloteni mamolekyulu ndi polypeptide unyolo. Iwo zigwirizana, monga mukudziwa kale, kuchokera amino zidulo payekha. Komabe, yotsirizira simuli wotakataka mokwanira. Kuti kugwirizana ndi kupanga mapuloteni molekyulu, iwo amafuna kutsegula. Kumachitika chifukwa cha michere yeniyeni. Aliyense asidi kwa amino Pankhaniyi ali enzyme yake, makamaka anatsekula chimodzimodzi kwa iwo. Mphamvu kwa ndondomeko izi ATP (adenosine triphosphate). The kwa amino asidi chifukwa kutsegula amakhala zambiri labile ndi chimango pansi kanthu za enzyme ndi mamita-RNA, limene likutengera mu ribosome ndi (chifukwa cha RNA otchedwa zoyendera). The ribosome Choncho, zinthu zikugwirizana ndi tRNA adamulowetsa kwa amino zidulo. Ribosome - mtundu wa conveyor khamu la ukubwera kwa amino asidi wa unyolo mapuloteni.

Kupanga ntchito zomanga thupi ndi kovuta kuti Musaone, ngati apanga mankhwala amagwira ntchito zofunika kwambiri. Pafupifupi onse nyumba selo zigwirizana iwo.

Kotero, ife tafotokozeramu mawu ambiri, njira ya mapuloteni biosynthesis ndi udindo kwachilengedwenso. Pomaliza ankadziwa mapuloteni. Tikukhulupirira mukufuna kuti tipitirize izo.