Anayeretsedwa zasiliva kunyumba

Panopa njira zambiri yodziwika zitsulo kuyeretsa, applicable onse zasayansi ndi kunyumba. Njira amenewa ndi kuyenga, mpaka posachedwapa ntchito yokhayo pa mabizinezi apadera umisiri setifiketi.

kuyenga Kodi

Zambiri, mawu akuti "kuyenga" amatanthauza kupeza chitsulo wa chiyero mkulu kupyola mu mndandanda wa ndondomeko kuchotsa zosafunika. Zimenezi anachita mu masiteji angapo, omwe ntchito zina njira yolekanitsa n'kusokoneza zinthu physico-mankhwala. Nthawi zambiri ngati njira kuyenga zitsulo zamtengo wapatali.

The zopangira kwa affinirovaniya Pankhaniyi akhale zodzikongoletsera zidutswa, "siliva thovu" slurry pamene Iwo ayeretsedwa ndi magetsi a zinthu ndi golide schlich.

kuyenga siliva

Nthawi zambiri, njira yoyeretsa ntchito kubala mkulu amasankha siliva. Ambiri, ndondomeko si wosiyana ndondomeko ofanana ikuchitika kwa ena olemekezeka, akakhala kapena osakhala akakhala zitsulo. Mwachitsanzo, kuyenga golide ndi siliva kapena zitsulo ndi pulatinamu akhale yemweyo. Only zina ndondomeko zosiyanasiyana.

Njira ya kuyenga

Mu processing siliva kuyenga luso akuimira mu njira zitatu zosiyana - zitsulo akhoza kutsukidwa zosafunika, mankhwala, kapena electrolytic kupelirovannym njira. Kawirikawiri ntchito kuchotsa chlorine owonjezera. Kusankha njira chifukwa cha ndalama kuchitiridwa ndi chikhalidwe chake. Tanthauzo ndi mbali ya ndondomeko kupanga.

Kodi kusankha njira

Siliva mkulu amasankha poyamba ntchito electrolytic kuyenga. Mwachibadwa, pamene ntchito njira imeneyi, pali linanena bungwe tsiku. Electrolysis kumathandiza kupeza kwapadera chiyero siliva chifukwa mogwirizana makutidwe ndi okosijeni-kuchepetsa zomwe zosafunika ndi musalowe pa nthawi ya kuyeretsa.

Ngati kumene Argentum kusungidwa mu mawonekedwe a njira (insoluble sulphates ndi chlorides), kwambiri ndalama ndi yabwino njira ndi mankhwala zitsulo mafunsidwe (mu zochitika zina - electrochemical) njira.

kasakaniza wazitsulo Base zambiri anapambulwa ntchito cupellation - Pankhaniyi kuwonjezera ungwiro wa osakaniza yophweka.

njira cupellation

Kwa mtundu uwu amafuna kuyenga ng'anjo chashepodobnyh (moto zofufuza) mbiya. The ndondomeko kuyeretsedwa ntchito Sungunulani kutsogolera zomwe siliva oxidized pamaso pa oxygen. zinthu zonse kuchotsako, kuphatikizapo zosungunulira, ndi wosiyana ndi zitsulo mfulu, kuwapatsa iwo chiyero wachibale: aloyi ndi golide ndi pulatinamu banja zitsulo.

Kuchita kuyenga ng'anjo preheat chofunika. Iwo anaika luso kutsogolera-siliva osakaniza, amene ndi mkangano mpaka kusungunuka wathunthu. Ng'anjo athamangadi mpweya umayenda kuti chifukwa makutidwe ndi okosijeni wa nkhani ya zigawo zikuluzikulu. Akamaliza wa mankhwala kutentha mbiya chikutha ndi anazitsanulira mwa zisamere pachakudya.

Mkati ng'anjo wodzaza ndi marl - ndi mtundu wa dothi, wolemera mu miyala, ndi kukhala dongosolo porous. Iwo zimatenga oxides kutsogolera inakhazikitsidwa m'zaka kuyenga, monga yotsirizira amakonda asanduke nthunzi atadziŵa otaya mpweya. Pa kuchoka, pambuyo pa makutidwe ndi okosijeni zosafunika, aloyi analandira ndi utawaleza pamwamba iridescent. Pamene akulimbana mu osakaniza ndi yowala siliva luster, zimene zikusonyeza akamaliza affinirovaniya.

Cupellation ankaona akhakula kuyeretsedwa njira chifukwa chakuti sanapindulebe ufulu wonse ku zodetsa: onse zitsulo wolemekezeka mu aloyi akhala mu malo. The kuyenga golide, siliva ndi pulatinamu gulu zitsulo kupatukana awo imagwiridwa ndi njira zina.

njira electrolysis

Electrolysis affinirovaniya monga njira anachita pa zigawo pawiri chikumbumtima pakompyuta: ndondomeko anode amakhala zakhudzana ndi mpukutu siliva anaikidwa thumba, ndi cathode - mbale woonda anapanga ndi zitsulo sanali zikuwononga. maelekitirodi The amizidwa oyeretsedwa zitsulo nitrate njira (ndende ya ayoni - 50 mg / ml) Chinawonjezeka asidi nitric pa osalimba ndi 1.5 g / L, ndipo magetsi panopa wadutsa.

The matumba anode akupita zidutswa undissolved a siliva, komanso kuipitsa. The cathode malo oyera chitsanzo pamodzi mawonekedwe microcrystalline. Voliyumu ya anamasulidwa siliva kukwera kwa mzati ena a dongosolo kuti amakwiya yochepa dera. Kuletsa lotereli, wakula crystalline zidutswa pansi oyambitsa njira oblamyvayutsya maelekitirodi kufanana cathode pafupi malo. The siliva chifukwa ndi kubwezeretsedwanso monga precipitate ndi ndiye anaponyedwa mu ingots. Nkofunika m'malo electrolyte mu nthawi, kuti ngati wodetsedwa alipo ngati mkuwa, pambuyo ndondomeko zofunika kuyamba mafunsidwe ake pamwamba pa cathode wolemekezeka zitsulo.

Ngati yankho siliva khalidwe ngati selo electrochemical, ngati njira yabwino kwambiri kulekana electrolytic wa zitsulo. The anode kungakhale graphite kapena-zikuwononga (kasakaniza wazitsulo), ndi cathode - zosapanga dzimbiri. Mavuto mbali uli woikidwa kwa osapitirira 2 V. Zimene yokha ikuchitika mpaka onse mafunsidwe siliva.

mankhwala kuyenga

Silver akhoza kuchotsedwa mwa njira mankhwala ku njira mchere kapena colloids. Ndi ndondomeko multistage. Pakuti ndondomeko ofunikira sulfite sodium, kuwonjezera kuti kuwombola anachita chikuchitika ndi latsopano wakuda precipitate wolemekezeka mchere zitsulo. Pa kumaliza anachita, yankho chifukwa udzathiridwa sal ammoniac (mankhwala enaake ammonium) kapena mchere. osakaniza zikukhazikitsa mpaka bwino fractional kupatukana - ayenera kupangidwa turbid ndi poyela gawo. Silver uyikidwa amaona zonse ngati oyamba zina salt kusakhumudwitsa turbidity.

Pali njira ziwiri za kudzipatula zitsulo mankhwala enaake wangwiro - youma ndi yonyowa.

njira carbonate kwa kudzipatula mankhwala enaake siliva

Njira imeneyi kumafuna kupeza koyera siliva mankhwala enaake kuchokera zouma - chinthu zolumukizidwa ndi mgwirizano kuchuluka kwa carbonate ndi sodium. The osakaniza analandira anali mkangano mbiya (chofunika kudzaza chikho theka nkhani chifukwa kukweza chifukwa mpweya kusanduka). Akamaliza la mapangidwe mankhwala kusintha kwa ndondomeko kutentha limatuluka, kufika mfundo zofunika chete maphatikizidwe.

Pambuyo yozizira siliva anachira ndipo pansi kachiwiri yadothi, kenako mankhwala tinganene kuti zatha. Wachisoni mfundo angakhale chakuti koloko luso ali kungasokoneze boma la mbiya ya. Koma mwayi waukulu njira ya mankhwala kuyenga ndi liwiro lake.

The njira ayambe Kugawilidwa kwanthaka siliva mankhwala enaake

Kuchira siliva njira zingatenge waika osiyana a reagents - asidi sulfuric kwa nthaka kapena chitsulo kapena mchere wa zitsulo yemweyo, kuphatikizapo zotayidwa.

The mankhwala enaake sing'anga anaitana mmodzi wa zinthuzo. Kwa slurry chifukwa unatsanuliridwa anasankha asidi ku ndende ya 0.2 misa ting'onoting'ono. Kuonjezera njira kungakhale mbali ndi kulamulira mmene anachita ndi refilling sikelo pa kutha. A umboni Mkhalidwe wa zimachitika mu nkhani iyi ndi masankhidwe a haidrojini - mpweya amathera kupangidwa panthawi ya kuvunda wathunthu wa chitsulo kapena asidi mofulumira (mowa yake zimasonyeza chizindikiro pepala).

Kutalikirana kwa mchere siliva udzatha, dongosolo amakhala mthunzi ofanana ndi kutsogolera. Kenako, asidi anawonjezera kuti njira kutembenuza otsala zidutswa zitsulo zosafunika (makamaka pamanja kuchotsedwa). Otsala ufa chuma (otchedwa simenti siliva) ndi kutsukidwa ndi madzi otchezedwa zouma ndi smelted.

chlorine kuyenga

njira zachokera pa kopanda kuti zitsulo wapatali siliva ndi chlorine ali anachitira mu chikhalidwe mofulumira golide ndi pulatinamu zinthu banja. Zimenezi zimathandiza kuti asiyanitse yotsirizira ku chinthu anayeretsa (mu luso la kuyenga ndiyo nthawi yambiri kulekana kwa kasakaniza wazitsulo lofunika).

Akhakula osungunula golide mu mawonekedwe a mafuta chlorine ndi anadutsa. mogwirizana akuyamba ndi wodetsedwa zinthu wolemekezeka mtundu, ndiye atuluka siliva, amene angathe kenako kusankha njira zina affinirovaniya mu mawonekedwe pawiri. Chlorides mu osakaniza adzauka pamwamba chifukwa m'munsi kachulukidwe poyerekeza salt ndi zitsulo.

Zo nthawi zina

Pankhani ya mkuwa wodetsedwa siliva rationally sindiyankhula kwa aloyi, ndi zosakaniza zitsulo (akhoza akuimira mu mawonekedwe a tchipisi). Ndiye, nitric ndi sulfuric zidulo akhoza zidzasungunuka mu zitsulo m'munsi. Anaikira zinthu ntchito cold- kapena otentha (mlingo anachita ukudalira pa izo).

Kuchotsa m'chimake siliva ndi osakaniza mankhwala anali usavutike pa nyali ndi mowa kapena madzi osamba. Pa kutentha m'munsimu madigiri 50-60 n'zotheka ntchito galasi kapena ware zadothi. Mwa njira yomweyo ikhonza kuikidwa kutsuka zitsulo ndi faifi tambala, malata kapena patsogolo.

The kuyenga siliva kunyumba

njira yonse tafotokozazi, theoretically abwino ntchito kunyumba kupezeka kwa zipangizo zina zapadera ndipo zinachitikira. Oyamba kuyesa electrolytic njira bwino. Childs, kuyenga ikuchitika m'njira a ojambula siliva.

Kayendesedwe njira 3. Izi Kutha siliva asidi nitric, ndi cementing alloying ndi kuyenga zikhalidwe zake mwachindunji siliva electrolysis kunyumba.

Yanyumba asidi nitric

nitrate Silver zakonzedwa yomweyo mu ndondomeko lonse - zambiri anatengedwa magalamu 50 zitsulo pa lita imodzi ya zosungunulira (chiŵerengero kupeza 32 ga zidutswa kusungunuka 80 ga hydrogenated nitrogen oxide V). Kuchepetsa asidi chofunika magawanidwe wofanana ndi madzi chipolowe ndi ndodo galasi. Kuyenga angathe kuchitidwa ndi kusakaniza siliva nitrate ammonium nitrate electrolyte (anachita sing'anga ndi osachepera 7) kupeza HNO3 chomwecho. Kuti njira chifukwa Chinawonjezeka zasiliva. osakaniza Uzisiyira maola 10-11, monga kusintha zitsulo mu kuyimitsidwa sizichitika nthawi yomweyo. Mwina mofulumira kusankha pabuka-bulauni mpweya. Ngati yankho limakhala bluish kapena Kamaoneka kum'chitira, umasonyeza pamaso zosafunika chitsulo kapena vitriol. The kuyenga siliva ndi asidi nitric analandira bwino pamene kwambiri kudetsa palibe.

Kuchotsa simenti siliva

osakaniza linakhulupirira zitsulo zamkuwa kwa kusamutsidwa anachita ndi siliva. Pasanapite nthawi padziko wolemekezeka zitsulo ofiira amayamba precipitate, amene ayenera kukhala nthawi kugwedeza njira imene ingatithandize ndondomekoyi. Ngati tapamwamba ndi kwathunthu kotero, muyenera m'malo mwa atsopano. Pambuyo anachita mu nkhani iyi imatengedwa kuti yozizira njira ndi kupatukana kwake mu serebryanotsementnuyu fractional ndi bluish madzi gawo.

zosefera

Kupatukana ndi zitsulo ku njira umagwiritsidwa nyuzi ndi fyuluta pepala. Mu chidebe ndi simenti mwapadera okonzeka zikulumikizana njira: mkuwa mchere imaloŵa PAD wa zikopa ndi siliva amakhalabe padziko. Kenako zofunika zina 5 kutsuka ndi madzi otchezedwa.

Yankho mwina pamaso pa ena kuchuluka kwa yotsalira siliva. Kuchotsa mchere mkuwa anawonjezera kuti precipitate ndi sodium curd.

Silver simenti uphwetsa. maphatikizidwe The imagwiridwa mu mbiya, gwiritsani ntchito zimene ndi ntchito ndi chitsanzo waukhondo sayembezereka. Kutenthetsa chitsanzo wogawana kupewa kufunika kwa kubalalika siliva kapena oxidized fumbi. N'zotheka kuwonjezera pa Sungunulani pamwamba ndi soda ndi borax osokonezeka mulingo ofanana - pa kapangidwe zitsulo amalenga kunyezimira filimu kuti amateteza imfa.

Nkhani chifukwa ndi otsika kalasi. Kuyeretsa kwake bwino kumafunika kuti tigwire electrolysis a siliva. Kuyenga, mu nkhani iyi yotentha ndi njira kale tafotokozazi - ndi yabwino chitsulo chija kusungunuka mu pellets lapansi.

ngozi kupewa

Nkofunika kuti Chipinda bwino mpweya wokwanira. Monga chitetezo, gulovu, ndi bathrobe ndi magalasi kuyenda. Kupewa akukhavukira asidi madzi anawonjezera kuti maganizo palokha, ndipo si mosemphanitsa. Kukonzekera HNO3 kuwombola anachita ndi unsembe otetezedwa kwambiri ndi zomwe angagwirire kuyenga siliva. Ammonium nitrate uli wosakanizika mu nkhani iyi ndi electrolyte ndi (zimene sing'anga ndi zosakwana 7). Glassware zifunike kukaniza kutentha, monga ndondomeko kutentha akhoza upambana madigiri 100. Yankho anadzazidwa mu osapitirira chachitatu chotengera kupewa akuwaza acid.

zotsatira

The kuyenga siliva si njira yovuta pamaso pa ukatswiri yeniyeni ndi zida. Ngati musunga miyezo chitetezo akhoza kuchitika si zasayansi.

Kupeza apamwamba zitsulo nyemba zomwe umagwiritsidwa electrolytic kuyenga siliva kunyumba, chifukwa njira imeneyi minimizes chiopsezo zosafunika kulowa pogwiritsa ntchito panopa.