Mbali alipo chitukuko cha chikhalidwe amakhala ndi chiyani?

Modern dziko chikhalidwe ali makhalidwe yake yeniyeni kuti kupanga chosiyana ndi wapadera mu ambiri nkhani za chikhalidwe ndi mbiri yakale. Nkofunika thanzi holistically, monga gulu ndi mbali zosiyanasiyana za moyo masiku ano anthu ambiri akhoza chikhalidwe, makhalidwe, ubale malamulo kapena mlingo wa chitukuko sayansi ndi chinthu zachuma. Kumene, mtundu uwu kufotokoza mwatsatanetsatane za chikhalidwe m'nkhani sadzapulumuka woyenera, kotero ife kuyang'ana pa mbali yofunika kwambiri pa zachikhalidwe. Ndiye kodi wapadera za gawo lino la chitukuko cha chikhalidwe lili?

Udindo wa chikhalidwe European mu malo chikhalidwe dziko

Si chinsinsi kuti siteji ziliri pa chitukuko cha chikhalidwe amakhala ndi ndondomeko yogwira padziko lonse mwamphamvu ataima pa maziko a mwambo European. Izi ndi zoona kwa pafupifupi m'madera onse a dziko, ngakhale amakhala osiyana. Kumeneku amati azungu ndipo watsimikiza ndi mavuto Eurocentrism potaya ziyembekezo za chikhalidwe zina chitukuko cha anthu. N'chifukwa chake cholinga laperekedwa kwa mwambo uwu ngati wofunika kwambiri ndiponso yofunika kwambiri kuti miyoyo ya anthu mabiliyoni ambiri mu dziko lero.

Malire a chikhalidwe European

Mwambo European, ngati wina aliyense, ndi kusiyana ndi kalembedwe ake, maonekedwe enieni ndiponso ya makhalidwe abwino. Kumene, kuchuluka kwa anzeru zosiyanasiyana chimatanthauza mosiyana, komanso magwero a chiyambi ndi chitukuko zinthu. Apa, ife kutsatira mfundo kwambiri ndale pafupifupi wochezeka kuti masiku ano European chikhalidwe ndi maganizo ake ndi makhalidwe unakhazikitsidwa mu Kubadwa Kwatsopano ndi masiku ano. zinthu zina - akale, Agiriki ndi ena - ife perekani yakuti mtundu zosiyanasiyana za isanafike formations ano chikhalidwe mu Europe.
Ndiye kodi osiyana mu gawo lino la chitukuko cha chikhalidwe? M'mawu ena, kodi zinthu zake zofunika tingaone monga zolembera yeniyeni kuti kusiyanitsa iwo mitundu ina ya chikhalidwe?

rationalism

Rationalist amafotokozera momveka bwino kwambiri khalidwe chitukuko cha chikhalidwe panthawi imeneyi. Izi anawonetseredwa mu izo zikhoza pakati dziko, mfundo zimene zili maziko a chuma cha nzeru anthu. Nkofunika kudziwa vekitala wa rationalism European, chifukwa kumasiyana kwambiri kwa ena, makamaka mwambo zikhalidwe kalelo. chachikulu zimasiyanitsa Maonekedwe ake ndi chizolowezi munapanga, kuti codify dziko, kupanga mwathunthu lolamulidwa ndi Kumvetsela pamwamba anthu. Njira ya chitukuko cha chikhalidwe masiku ano Russia ali, ndi njira, chifukwa ndendende zomwezo ku chenicheni, pamene mtengo wa dziko anatsimikiza ndi mlingo wa operability ake ndi dzuwa lapansi. M'mawu ena, chinthu anthu mu dongosolo chotero chapakati, pamene ena a dziko anasamutsa udindo gwero la.

Mphamvu ya rationalism pa mbali ya gawo zikusinthira (chikhalidwe)

lathu ili la mtima Western walola kuti akonze omasuka malo moyo, kulimbikitsa zotsogola luso ndi kukwaniritsa bwino kwambiri mawu a zachuma. Koma n'zosiyana, mbali mdima, ndilo destabilization maganizo a chikumbumtima (mwachitsanzo, milingo kwambiri mkulu matenda a amafuna kudzipha mu wolemera kwambiri mfundo chuma view, Europe, America ndi Australia) Hyper-intellectualism, kwa moyo wa mbali wauzimu umunthu chitukuko cha ogula paubwenzi, ndipo m'njira timapangira - mu aukali expansionism chikhalidwe ndi chuma ndi maganizo woipitsitsawu chilengedwe ndi chilengedwe.

subjectivism

Mbali alipo chitukuko cha chikhalidwe amadziwikanso ndi khalidwe la subjectivity kutchulidwa. Yotsirizira mu nkhani iyi kuwamva monga absolutized nkhani ya kufunika njira kwina ndi zochitika.

Zochita izi zikutanthauza kuti muyeso lonse ndi yeniyeni munthu, munthu, osati anthu, kalasi, Yofuna Ufulu Wodzilamulira, ndi zina zotero. Ndi gulu ili la chikhalidwe chimatheka, osachepera yokhala kufanana malamulo ndi chitukuko cha ndale moyo m'njira ya demokalase. Inde, moyo weniweniwo zinthu pang'ono zovuta, koma ndi umunthu zochokera lonjezo ili anatsimikiza ndi gawo lino. Izi chitukuko cha chikhalidwe osati chongolipirira munthu, amapereka kufunika kwake umunthu ndi ufulu, komanso amaika udindo waukulu, kukhala nthawi yomweyo kovuta. Munthu ndi zoona, M'modzi-m'modzi ndi dziko limene ubale zonse maonekedwe a mgwirizano ndi mgwirizano ndi matanthauzo opindulitsa. Munthu wa dziko lapansi kopanda, alibe mizu mu banja ndi fuko, wauzimu, dziko kapena malo ena.

Russian kulunjika

Ndi nkhani ya chitukuko cha chikhalidwe masiku ano Russia, komabe ndithu koonekeratu motsutsana ndi chitsanzo European, ngakhale ikuyenda likunena kulowera kwake. Mwachitsanzo, mu malo chikhalidwe la Russia silinakwaniritsidwe anavomereza kotheratu ndi malingaliro a kulolerana ndi kufanana chimaphunzitsa n'zofunika anthu ufulu ku ukapolo wa munthu chilichonse gulu chikhalidwe. Komano, mbali zambiri za zachikhalidwe cha Soviet Union sakhala atengeke malonda ndi kusintha kwa mtundu asapita msika. Mwachidule ndi kufotokoza kuzama kwa uzimu wa lingaliro mlendo kwa gawo zachuma.

scientism

Kukamba chitukuko cha subjectivity, umene analimbikitsa ndi R. Descartes mu nkhani yolembedwa wake wotchuka, "Ine ndikuganiza, chotero ine kulibe," wasanduka zingalowe zofunika chikhalidwe European. Mosiyana ndi akale Mulungu kapena ukapolo tsoka la Kale, siteji masiku ano chitukuko cha chikhalidwe amakhala, monga tanenera kale, ndi anthropocentrism kwakukulu umene Chikhaliro alibe thandizo zina ndi muyezo wa chidziwitso, koma iyeyo. Choncho, pansi pa mapazi a munthu anagogoda iliyonse nthaka. Compensatory ntchito mu njira yokha amatenga chifuniro wosazima mphamvu ndi ulamuliro, ndi maziko a njira sayansi. Pamodzi, zinthu zonsezi: subjectivism, rationalism ndi scientism lotsatira chimodzi - ndi yankho la funso "Kodi maonekedwe a gawo lino la chitukuko cha chikhalidwe."

Mathesis

Pansi Mathesis anamvetsa chitsanzo ngati maganizo ndi cognition, lomwe lili lolunjika makamaka pa zida masamu. Ndi khalidwe limeneli wafala chatsopano mtima European. Nkofunika kuti asonyeze wapadera, chifukwa ngakhale mokwanira limafotokoza akamanena za scientism European, koma si kwa iwo. Ngwee ngati mu nkhani za sayansi, Mathesis akuwonetseredwa mu mbali zonse za moyo wa munthu European, ngakhale anthu kumene mawerengedwe mwakuwoneka masamu ndi zosayenera. A chitsanzo chapadera cha ichi ndi makampani kukongola, amene kutsimikizidwa ndi yovomerezeka mfundo kukongola ndi wokongola kwathunthu anataya aura ya irrationality ndi gawo lauzimu ndipo yakhala nkhani za ulimi ndi chinthu malonda ndi msika Relations. Kukongola unasiya kukhala zofunika mozama khalidwe la munthu ndi inasanduka chinthu chimene tingapeze efficiently anamanga ntchito mwamasamu kutsimikizidwa zakudya thupi, mankhwala ndi maopaleshoni. Choncho wakhala streamlined kwambiri phunziro kwa magawo mwachindunji ndi mfundo.

expansionism

Mbali alipo chitukuko cha chikhalidwe amadziwikanso yodziwika ndi ena expansionism. Chinthu ichi walola kuti akhale tsopano mawonedwe kutsogolera amazitcha kukhala maziko kaphatikizidwe wa chikhalidwe dziko. Zikuoneka, ndi Choyamba, kagawo ndale za cikhalidwe, koma osati. A chitsanzo chapadera ndi wolalikira mipingo kulimbikira Western Mkhristu, kufalikira kwa zitsanzo Western zachuma ndi mfundo za demokalase. Pa nthawi yomweyo patsogolo chikhalidwe European si zina, sanali European dera, komanso dziko monga. Zokongola mzere mtima Western chikusonyeza ubwenzi ndi chikhalidwe, yodziwika ndi consumerism ndi chilakolako wofunitsitsa Kumvetsela zofuna zake zokha, zomwe nthawi zambiri kumayambitsa mavuto adzaoneni -. Kuwonongedwa kwa nyama ndi zomera, zikutha m'mayiko chuma mchere, kuwonongeka kwa malo, etc. Mwatsoka, maganizo amenewa ndi pang'onopang'ono kugonjetsa m'mayiko ambiri European ndi mtumiki wa mawonedwe ake chikhalidwe kupyolera chitukuko cha kuzindikira zachilengedwe, khalidwe zonse za Russian chikhalidwe tsa ndi na-. Kuchuluka kwa zinyalala pafupi Russian mzinda m'madera aliyense nkhalango paki odziwikiratu, komanso poaching, lonse la oletsedwa kudula mitengo ndi chimango malamulo pankhani imeneyi amakhala ndi mphwayi pafupifupi kwathunthu.