Mbiri ya mzinda. Lviv: mbiri ya chilengedwe ndi dzina la mzinda

Mmodzi wa zipilala wokongola kwambiri ndi wolemera kamangidwe ka malo a Ukraine ndi Lviv. Mbiri ya mzinda kuchokera pomwe linayamba masiku ano ladzala zambiri zoona chidwi. Tidzayensa kuunikila chidwi kwambiri a iwo. History of Lviv mu ulemerero wake onse zikuchitika kutsogolo kwa ife.

prehistory

Ancient Asilavo midzi pa dera la mzinda wamakono ali kunayambira kwambiri kwa BC V atumwi. Ena a mbiri yakale amakhulupirira kuti mbiri ya Lviv akuyamba ku nthawi iyi. Kale m'zaka za m'ma VII, mu kuthetsa mwachangu ukugwirira ntchito amisiri dera lomwe anam'patsa kutchedwa mzinda. Koma unali kutchedwa Pamudzi, akhala chinsinsi mbiri yakale. Kumene kuli anthu kuthetsa m'masiku amenewo, mafuko a White Croatia.

Mu 981, malo ozungulira tsogolo la Lviv, mu nkhondo ndi mnyamata ufumu Polish, anali linalanda kwa Prince Vladimir wa Kiev Lazaro. Kuchokera pamenepa, dera limeneli m'gulu la chuma ndi ndale zochita moyo wa Old boma Russian.

Pambuyo chiyambi cha kugawikana ang'onoang'ono wa umodzi mphamvu wakale Russian a dziko lapansi, amene tsopano paima Lions, izo poyamba m'gulu la ukulu Chigalashiya, ndi kuchokera 1199 - mu wotchedwa Galicia-Volyn ukulu Monomakh. Mlengi wa boma akuti ndi buku Mstislavovich, bambo a tate tsogolo la Lviv, Daniel Romanovich Galitsky.

The wotukuka wa ukulu Chigalashiya

Iyo inali nthawi ya ulamuliro wa Daniel nkhawa maluwa ndale ndiponso zachuma a boma Chigalashiya. Ndipo zimenezi ngakhale kuti moyo wake wonse amayenera kuchitidwa polimbana m'deralo otchuka ndi kunja aggressors - Poland ndi Hungary.

Koma nkhonyayo yakula boma kumadzulo anachititsa nkhondo Mongol-Chitata. M'kupita kwa milu ya, m'mizinda yambiri ya wotchedwa Galicia zawonongedwa. Mosiyana ndi akalonga ena ya Danieli mpaka m'masiku otsiriza a moyo wake kwathunthu kutsanzika kuti goli yachilendo. Iye nthawi zonse kufunafuna njira kupereka kukana kwa Aisiraeli, iye anayesera kupanga mgwirizano ndi ku Mongolia, wokhala ndi olamulira Western. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, iye anali ngakhale wokonzeka kupita mgwirizano ndi Mpingo wa Katolika, ngakhale mu mchitidwe konse adampereka Orthodoxy. Pozindikira utumiki wake ku chikhulupiriro nkhondo ndi Mongolia Daniil Galitsky Papa iye anapatsidwa udindo wa Mfumu ya Russia.

Zinthu zimenezi kalonga, ndithudi, sanali khans gulu, amene anatumiza ulendo Chilango pofuna kukakamiza kukhulupirika kwake. Chifukwa cha kuwombera izi wotchedwa Galicia ndimidzi ingati ndi midzi anawonongedwa.

Lviv m'munsi

Chitata anawazunza anali chimodzi mwa zifukwa maziko a mzinda ndi dzina wokongola wa Lviv. Mbiri ya chilengedwe cha wake wayamba kuwerengetsa yake 1256. Zinali ndiye kuti moto kwambiri kuonongeka likulu la wotchedwa Galicia-Volyn ukulu - Hill. Pa nkhani imeneyi, Prince Daniel, anaganiza kumanga mzinda watsopano lalikulu m'dera kuwerengedwa anawazunza ndi Tartar.

Pa nthawi yomweyo, olemba mbiri ena zinamangidwa tsiku Lvov maziko nthawi ina - mu 1247 kapena 1240. Chotero, mu malingaliro awa chochitika ichi anapima kuti ukwati wa mwana wake Daniila Lva, ndi kutenga Mongolia wa Kiev.

Dzina mzinda

Pafupifupi mbiri yakale ali ndi maganizo omwewo, chifukwa chake mzinda anapatsidwa dzina la Lvov. History dzina la liukitsidwa mwana ndi wolowa Daniila Galitskogo - Lev Danilovich. Izo zinali mu ulemu wa atate wake waukulu wotchedwa mzinda, amene amayembekezeka kukhala likulu la ukulu wa. Malinga ndi Baibulo lina, dzina linaperekedwa pa tsiku la ukwati ndi mwana wa mkango Mfumu ya Hungary.

Russian likulu la ufumu wa

History of Lviv unasintha latsopano ndi 1269, pamene Leo anadzakhala mkulu wa wotchedwa Galicia-Volyn Mfumu ndi Russian. Zinali iye amene anasamukira likulu ku mzinda wa Galich zophwanya kuwonongedwa mobwerezabwereza ndi kutentha pansi pa phiri. Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo Lions asangokhala mudzi waukulu wa wotchedwa Galicia-Volyn ukulu, koma kwenikweni likulu la ufumu Russian.

Malinga ndi udindo wake watsopano, mzinda anayamba kumanga chachikulu. Mu 1270 linamangidwa otchedwa High Castle - ndi citadel mumzindawo. Ngakhale kalonga ankakhala wotsika Castle. Lonse cikhalidwe mumzinda udzachitika pa msika, kuti mtima wake. Mu likulu anakhamukira anthu ambiri ku midzi yozungulira ndi lakutali. Choncho anakula Lviv. Mbiri ya mzinda wakhala kunangosanduka mbali ya mbiri ya dziko.

Atamwalira tawuni Leo Ine sanataye udindo wake likulu. Anakhalabe mudzi waukulu wa boma pansi akalonga awa, amene onse anasenza mutu Mfumu ya Russia. Izi anapitiriza mpaka 1340 ndi imfa ya George II Boleslaw chigamulo mpikisano ndi zisamasokonezedwe.

Lions mu Commonwealth

Kamodzi wotchedwa Galicia anathyola kulamulira mafumu, ufulu wake ku ukulu, ndipo makamaka Lviv, anauza Polish mfumu Casimir III. Mu 1340, asilikali ake analanda mzinda ndi kukhazikika kumeneko ufumu. Komabe, mfumu inalamula boma mzinda ndi lamulo Magdeburg, koma pa nthawi yomweyo, Lions anayamba mofulumira Polonized. Posachedwapa ambiri a m'tauni ya mitengoyo. A mbali yaikulu ya anthu komanso anali Ayuda. History of Lviv kuyambira tsopano mpaka 1939 ndi inextricably zogwirizana ndi Poland.

Mu 1412 Lviv ku Galich mpando archiepiscopal anagwidwa.

Mu 1569 Poland ndi Lithuania anapanga mgwirizano boma - Rzeczpospolita. Monga mbali ya Lions wake mpaka 1772, pamene chifukwa cha kugawa woyamba wa boma Chipolishi Chilituyaniya, iye, monga ena wotchedwa Galicia, anali inalowa mu Austria Ufumu wa banja lolamulira la Habsburg.

Ufumu wa wotchedwa Galicia ndi Lodomeria

Monga mbali ya Habsburg mafumu, Lviv n'kukhala likulu la dziko lake, ndilo lotchedwa Ufumu wa wotchedwa Galicia ndi Lodomeria. Ngakhale kuti mzindawo unali mbali ya dziko lina ndipo anasankhidwa kukhala kazembe wa Vienna, ku dera anapitiriza otsogolera anapitiriza Polish otchuka.

Komabe, nthawi imeneyi angatchedwe chikhalidwe chitsitsimutso mzinda. University nachiritsidwa, lotseguka zisudzo, lachifumu mphamvu zothangatira polimbana obscurantism achipembedzo. Pa nthawi yomweyo tinayamba kutsitsimutsa chikhalidwe Ruthenian ammudzi, monga banja lolamulira la Habsburg anayesa kupeza iwo thandizo mu kulimbana ndi otchuka Polish.

Kuyesa kubwezeretsa Chiyukireniya statehood

Pambuyo chifukwa cha kugonjetsedwa mu nkhondo First World mu 1918 panali kugwa kwa Austria-Hungary, ndi Chiyukireniya anzeru a Lviv pofuna kuti abwezeretse boma awo anapangidwa. Ananena mu kulengeza Declaration za boma ufulu wa Republic Western Chiyukireniya Anthu (ZUNR) October 19, 1918.

Koma vuto linali kuti ambiri mwa anthu Lviv pa nthawi anali Zitsulo, amene anaona yekha kukhala mbali ya watsopano boma Polish. Choncho ZUNR tsoka liri losindikizidwa. Mu November, mutu wa asilikali Polish Pilsudski kale kulamulira Lvov, ndipo posapita ZUNR asilikali potsiriza anagonjetsedwa.

Mu ulamuliro Polish

Choncho, mbiri ya Lviv pamaso 1939 anali kugwirizana ndi boma Polish. ufulu Ukrainians akhala kwathunthu linaphwanya nthawi imeneyi. Choncho anayamba wina wa masamba ambiri oopsa mbiri ya deralo. Zinali nthawi imeneyi anatembenuka kulimbana kwamwazi komwe kwatenga pakati nationalists Chiyukireniya ndi akuluakulu Polish, wozunzidwayo waukulu umene anali anthu wamba mwa oimira kwa wina ndi mtundu wina.

Mu 1939, Poland kwenikweni kugawidwa pakati pa Germany ndi la Soviet Union. Lvov ndi wotchedwa Galicia pafupifupi onse linalanda kuti Soviet Union.

Lions mu USSR

Osati kale teshilsya dziko Lviv. mbiri anapeleka mndandanda wa zinthu zoipa. The Great zosonyeza kukonda nkhondo. asilikali Nazi wotanganidwa mzinda June 29, 1941. Mu ulamuliro wa Nazi zinali zodzaza ndi mmodzi wa kupulula yaikulu ya Ayuda. asilikali a Soviet anamasula mzindawo unali yekha mu 1944.

Pambuyo pake anayamba kubwezeretsa mofulumira m'mudzi. Monga mbali ya Lviv Chiyukireniya anakhala waukulu pakati mafakitale ndi chikhalidwe cha deralo. Panthawi imeneyi, mosiyana ndi nthawi yapita, ambiri nzika ndi Ukrainians mitundu anayamba.

Lions pambuyo kulengeza ufulu wa Ukraine

Iye sanataye kufunika ndi Lions pambuyo kulengeza August 24, 1991 Ukraine a ufulu. Komabe, popeza angathe mafakitale mzinda utachepa kwambiri, komabe, icho chinali chimake zachuma derali. Tanthauzo chikhalidwe Lviv chi kwa dziko sitingalephere kukambapo. Anthu ambiri amaona mtima wa Ukraine.

Pomaliza

Monga mukuonera, ambiri zowawa ndi M'malo mwake, anali ndi osangalala tsamba mbiri ya mzinda. Mwachidule kusamutsa amazipotokola zake zonse ndi motsatana sizigwira ntchito. Kufufuza chitukuko chuma ndi ndale ya mzinda muyenera kucheza miyezi kapena zaka. Chabwino, kumvetsa akamanena wauzimu wa Lviv, ndi zake ziyenera kukaona munthu.