"Oletsedwa zaka" - sitepe cha kumayambiriro serfdom. Magawo a ukapolo wa Amaya.

"Zaka choletsedwa" - ndi chimodzi cha mawonetseredwe cholimbikitsa serfdom mu Muscovy kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma XVI. Zikuoneka kuti mawu abwino, koma palibe wabwino sizitanthauza.

Udindo wa wamba mu Russia m'nthawi XV-XVI

Kwa zaka zambiri, anthu osauka banja ngati iwo sanali kukhala pa maiko a mbuye ang'onoang'ono bwinobwino kusiya dziko ndi kusuntha kwa mbuye wina. Pozindikira kuti lotereli ndi zomangira wamba ndi kumuika kudalira kwathunthu kudzakhala kovuta, boma pang'onopang'ono ayamba kuchepetsa kusintha osauka a. Mwachitsanzo, mu Sudebnik Ivan III anapereka woyamba mwayi malire alimi kuti nditalikane ndi Yehova. Panali chithunzithunzi kuti Yuriev Tsiku (26 November). Lamulo anakhazikitsa kuti mlimi aliyense amene akufuna amachoka pa mbuye ang'onoang'ono, izo zikhoza kuchitidwa mu nthawi osati kale kuposa sabata lisanadze tsiku ndi palibe pasanafike sabata pambuyo. Ndipotu, tikulankhula za nthawi kuchokera November 19 3 December. Ndipo sanabadwe analowa "zaka ngoletsedwa"! choletsa Izi kwambiri kusokoneza moyo wa anthu wamba, chifukwa kusintha zinali zotheka pambuyo mlimi ali kwathunthu analipira mwini wa dziko c.

Kuwonongeka kwa zinthu za anthu wamba pambuyo 1550

watsopano Code la Chilamulo, amene kuwonongeka kwa zinthu za anthu wamba adayikapo anavomerezedwa mu 1550. Mwachitsanzo, ndisanachoke alimi kubzala mbewu yozizira. Komanso, amamasulira magulu ena mu gulu la "starozhitnyh" njira ina angagwirizanitse wamba pamtunda, kutanthauza anthu amene ankati akukhala m'dziko lino kwa nthawi yaitali ndi ntchito alili.

"Zaka choletsedwa 'nthawi kulowa Kuyambira mu 1581. Ichi ndi chifukwa chakuti boma waganiza kuti malongosoledwe a m'mayiko onse anali mbali ya m'dziko la Muscovy pa nthawi imeneyo. Kodi tiyenera kumvetsa tanthauzo la mawu akuti "zaka ngoletsedwa"? A yosavuta! Mu chonamizira kuti dziko ikulongosola ndipo muyenera kudziwa ndendende ndi kumene iye amakhala, mayiko wamba chabe womangidwa ku dziko, kumalo amodzi okhala.

Kodi ananena za "zaka choletsedwa" mu njira?

Choncho, choletsedwa zaka - anawapatsa lamulo kwa amphawi kusuntha kwa mbuye ang'onoang'ono mu zaka zina. Bwino olembedwa mu malo pafupi kuti tilibe. Mungapeze maumboni ochepa ena udzatha achifumu chibwenzi kuchokera 80-90-ntchentche za m'ma XVI. Mchitidwe kuyambitsa "zaka kutetezedwa" chichokera kuchokera mu 1581. Komanso mtengo kuzitchula ndi lamulo la Tsar Fedor Ivanovich kwa 1592, chimene "zaka ngoletsedwa" akhala anayambitsa pafupifupi muyaya. chikalata ichi chinali chiyambi cha serfdom mu Muscovy.