Mchikhalidwe zinenero

Lingaliro la ponseponse zinenero - ichi ndicho chochitika chinenero mabuku, monga chikhalidwe cha mawu a munthu akuwonekera, poyamba pa zonse, ndi zolondola. Limafotokoza mbali kuposa wina lilime, ndi imakhudzanso mwamtheradi zonse zofunikira kulemba, ndi m'kamwa.

malamulo Language - izi ndi malamulo, pa maziko amene pali ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana chinenero pa siteji zina za chitukuko. Ndi wamba, chitsanzo chabwino ntchito mawu komanso ziganizo ndi mawu kulankhula.

Pali zotsatirazi chinenero malamulo a chinenero Russian :

-slovoobrazovatelnye (miyezo maphunziro a mawu atsopano);

- Popereka (kapena malamulo katchulidwe);

- kafukufuku wakapangidwe kazachilengedwe;

-orfograficheskie;

-leksicheskie;

-sintaksicheskie;

-punktuatsionnye;

-intonatsionnye.

Ena a iwo ndi khalidwe la awiri mitundu ya kulankhula, ndipo ena okha m'kamwa kapena okha kulemba.

mchikhalidwe zinenero - chodabwitsa mbiri anapanga. Ena mwa iwo anaonekera kale ndi sichinasinthe mpaka tsopano, ndipo ena - wasowa. Ena adzawombana. Mwachitsanzo, German mawu "wodandaulayu" anachokera ku mawu akale Latin kutanthauza "munthu amene kupita," ndipo masiku ano amene M'malo mwake, akufuna kupita kuphunzira. Kutanthauza nthawi, anasintha mlingo wa ntchito mawu.

Popereka malamulo zinenero kwambiri si khola. Mwachitsanzo, mawu ngongole "zinatha" linalembedwa pamaso m'ma 18 monga "bankrut". Mpaka m'ma 19 mochedwa, icho chinali kugwiritsidwa ntchito njira zonsezi, ndiyeno anapambana ndipo anakhala ponseponse akadali latsopano mtundu wa ntchito.

Izo akusinthasintha ndi kaphatikizidwe matchulidwe -chn-. Popeza otanthauzira 1935-1940-ntchentche ndi malamulo ena kusiyana ndi amene lerolino. Mwachitsanzo, mawu akuti "chidole, pogulitsira zakudya" kuphatikiza -chn- kutchulidwa monga -shn- kuti tsopano ndi zosaloleka. Ena mawu ndasunga njira iwiri: ophika buledi, moyenera.

Ndipo morphological chinenero kusintha malamulo. Izi akuonekera pa chitsanzo cha mathero a manauni chachimuna mochulukitsa ndi nominative. Mfundo ndi ena -s ikutha ndipo ena mathero kutanthauza. Ichi ndi chifukwa kuli m'ma 13 m'chilankhulo wakale wa mawonekedwe wapawiri, zomwe ankagwiritsa ntchito pamene kunali koyenera kuti amanena zinthu ziwiri. Choncho kutulutsa mitundu itatu mathero: ziro kwa manauni mu chimodzi, kothera kutanthauza kuti zikusonyeza mapeto a zinthu ziwiri m akusonyeza nambala ya zinthu kuposa awiri. Choyamba, kutanthauza mathero anasunga mawu amene ankatanthauza zinthu wophatikizidwa: diso, mbali, etc. Pang'onopang'ono, ndi pafupifupi mapeto a m ya anachotsedwa mu mawu ena.

Ndipo pano pa zamoyo mochulukitsa manauni mathero makamaka anasunga m zachuma, madalaivala, akatswiri, lecturers, ochita chipikisheni ndi ochita chipikisheni, koma pulofesa.

Nthawi zina muyenera akadali kuganizira tanthauzo lexical mawu. Mwachitsanzo, mawu akuti "mphunzitsi" kutanthauza kuti "mphunzitsi" ndi mu nominative mochulukitsa kutha - ine, ndipo mtengo wa "Zochita mutu" - mapeto a m; mawu "mndandanda" (pepala) limatha ndi m, ndi "tsamba" (mtengo) - kothera -n.

mfundo Multivariance atsimikiza kuchuluka zosaneneka chinenero Russian. Koma pa nthawi yomweyo, izo amalenga mavuto ena, kuyambira m'pofunika kusankha ndi zimene Baibulo lolondola. Molondola mukhoza kuchita izi pokhapokha ngati ife kudziwa makhalidwe a lililonse njira ndi malembedwe ake ochekenera. Chifukwa cha kafukufuku zambiri mu ntchito ya mawu (mchitidwe ndi olembedwa) kusankha zinthu zilankhulo anakhazikitsa otanthauzira apadera ndi glossaries, amene atathana malamulo zinenero ndi chinenero chamakono zolembalemba.