Mgwirizano nkhani ngati njira kukopa ndalama

Kwa zaka zambiri m'dziko ubwenzi wathu nkhani (kumangidwa) ankaona njira wosazindikira wa kupatula. Koma izi zilili sizinakhalitse, ndi lero ndi chimodzi cha chida mpikisano kwambiri kuonjezera ndalama. umatha ndi wautali kwambiri kuchokera ku ndalama mu mawonekedwe a chidwi panopa kuti akupeza likulu. Koma kudziŵa kuvomerezedwa ndi Investor kuchokera waukulu mfundo zofunika kwa mokoma enieni m'misika. Za izo, zomwe ndicho chomangira nkhani, zambiri kulankhula pa.

tanthauzo

Nsinga - ndi chilungamo sheya kuti m'chitetezo kwa mwini wake ndi ufulu kulandira phindu mwadzina ku issuer ndi anapereka kuchuluka kwa mtengo uwu. Ngati izi si zosiyana ndi lamulo la Chitaganya cha Russia, iwo angakhale monga ufulu ena katundu.

Mgwirizano nkhani - chida malonda kuti amalola mabizinesi kuti States kapena (issuers) kuti chofunika kuchuluka kwa ndalama ndi ogulitsa kuti ndalama. Ndi mwayi kuonjezera likulu lake kudzera kumangidwa puttable patapita kuchuluka kwa nthawi ndime, komanso chifukwa chidwi pa iwo.

Mosiyana m'matangadza

Mgwirizano ngongole (chomangira) ali ndi lingaliro lofanana ndi magawo a: iwo onse kupereka kwa malipirowo, ndipo zalembedwa pa kuphana osiyana. Koma yoyamba ya chitetezo - udindo uwu ngongole ndi wachiwiri (magawo) zikuphatikizapo pamtengo mu kampani.

Mitundu kumangidwa pa ngongole liwu

Malinga nthawi imene issuer ayenera kulipira ndalama, pali mitundu itatu ya sheya:

1. Yaitali chomangira nkhani - zaka zoposa 10 nthawi ya chiwombolo. Monga ulamuliro, ndalama ndi boma kapena mabungwe akuluakulu a zachuma. Malinga ndi iye, pali makuponi osiyanasiyana, mwachitsanzo, chidwi linaperekedwa kwa mwini wake.
2. Sing'anga yaitali - 1 chaka zaka 10. Chinali cholinga kuti ndalama zomangira ndalama. Sing'anga-akuti chomangira nkhani ali ndi gawo lalikulu kwambiri mwa chimangiriro msika.
3. Yochepa - kuchokera miyezi ingapo chaka chimodzi. Ndi cholinga kuphimba kuchepekedwa bajeti ndi kuthetsa panopa mavuto a zachuma. Kuwopsa amakonda kukhala apamwamba pa iwo, ngakhale liwu yayifupi ngati issuer wa kampani kuoneka osakhazikika. Koma ntchito zawo akuti ndi mkulu mwadzina phindu la kuwombola. Monga ulamuliro, yochepa ngongole ndi ziro-coupon, ndiko kuti, sapereka chidwi kwa mwini wa.

Zifukwa opereka nsinga

Ambiri novice ndalama funso ili: chifukwa mabungwe kukhala issuer wa ogwirizana? Mungachite ntchito Mwachitsanzo, ngongole ku banki? Koma zifukwa zingakhale zotsatirazi:

• Ubwenzi nkhani bwino kwambiri banki ngongole.
• banki adatsutsa ngongole.
• Kosamalira ngongole sikokwanira chuma madzi, monga ntchito yaikulu ndalama.
• Mabizinesi ayenera ndalama kwa miyezi ingapo ndipo ena.

Njira ndalama ndi chiwombolo malipiro

Pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana monga njira alipire kumangidwa:

• Kuchotsera nsinga - choyimira cha ngongole zimene chidwi ndi salipidwa Investor lapansi. Koma phindu lake mwadzina popitiriratu weniweni, kuti linaperekedwa, motero dzina la mawu akuti "kuchotsera" - kuchotsera.
• Coupon nsinga - choyimira cha ngongole zimene chidwi yaperekedwa mwezi, amene amapanga phindu kwa Investor lapansi. Mwadzina mtengo chiwombolo, monga ulamuliro, poyamba ankadya.
• Nsinga ndi mini-coupon - mtundu wa ngongole imene ntchito dongosolo kuchotsera, ndi makuponi. Kuti ndi kulipira ochepa kuti Investor ndi phindu mwadzina chabe pamwamba kuchuluka kudyedwa.

Kumayambiriro 90 ntchentche. Mu zaka zapitazo, kufufuma mu dziko wakhala sizimadziwika kuti ubwenzi ngongole ukugwira zizindikiro zosiyanasiyana zachuma: phindu msika wa malo, mlingo golide, etc ...

Zinthu zokhudza phindu msika kumangigwa

Nkhani nsinga - ndi nkhani ya masheya, omwe amagulitsidwa pa misika katundu. Ndiko, nsinga amagulitsidwa ndi kukonzanso anagulitsa ndi osintha, ndalama, speculators, ndi zina zotero. D. Ngati Investor anagula akapolo, sizitanthauza kuti iye yekha ali ndi ufulu kuyembekezera pa mtengo nkhope ya issuer lapansi. Iwo ali, aliyense amene pa nthawi ya mawerengedwe a nsinga anagula bwino kuti mawerengedwe.

Onse nsinga ndi kuwagula ndi kuwagulitsa pa katundu kuwombola. msika phindu kumatengera zifukwa zotsatirazi:

• Kupeza ndalama makampani, dziko, dziko. Pa mavuto osiyanasiyana ndalama sindikufuna pachiswe ndipo amakonda kukhala ndi "mbalame dzanja". Choncho kuyamba kugulitsa nsinga kusunga ndalama zawo. Komanso, issuers ambiri anaponyedwa mtanda watsopano kumangidwa msika. Childs, izi yochepa kuti tikhale wolimba, osati kulephera mu chilengedwe ndi mavuto a zachuma.
• Kukhwima kwa nsinga.
• Chiwerengero cha coupon a.

State chomangira nkhani

Anthu amene ankakhala m'dziko la Soviet Union, nthawi zambiri anakumana ndi mfundo T-ngongole kapena kumangidwa boma yochepa. Zimenezi n'zosadabwitsa: akuluakulu aboma ankakonda kuwafunsa thandizo kwa anthu awo. Pa nthawi imeneyo zinali pafupifupi ndiyekhayo ndalama yovomerezeka. katundu Private wasowa Choncho, komanso sheya, kuphatikizapo mitundu iliyonse m'matangadza ndi kumangidwa. Kumene, chiwongola dzanja pa T-ngongole ang'onoang'ono, koma, koma iwo anali sberbankovskogo apamwamba (banki komanso anali mmodzi yekha m'dziko nyengo ya kusintha).

Lero, boma chomangira ngongole si chinthu chakale. Mphamvu, makamaka mavuto, ndi kubwereka ndalama kwa anthu. Zinthu zofunika kumangidwa boma:

• Mlingo wochepa wa ndalama kwa iwo, poyerekeza ndi nsinga payekha gawo.
• Mkulu chitsimikizo. boma sindingakhoze kupita zinatha, koma zinachitikira 1998, mwachitsanzo, kuti yolengeza kusakhulupirika, mwachitsanzo kulephera kulipira ngongole, ndipo makamaka chinthu chomwecho.
• Low ndalama zina, kuchepetsa ndi ubwino wa msonkho munthu (msonkho pa ndalama za anthu athupi). Kumene, ngati yokhazikika msonkho ndi gwero boma ndalama.

Kugwira ntchito kwa boma msika chomangira

Msika wamakono wa GKO ndi OFZ (feduro nsinga ngongole) anakhala ntchito kuyambira m'ma 1993. Kuchita izi, zomangamanga lonse analengedwa, Gawo ndi:

• Unduna wa Zachuma (issuer OFZ).
• CBR - amagwira ntchito supervisory ndi zolimbana. Iye akugwirizira amagulitsa nsombazo, chiwombolo, amakonzekera zikalata zosiyanasiyana. Bank ku Central akuyesa kukhala mlingo wa T-ngongole msika zizindikiro: profitability, liquidity, ndi zina zotero ..
• Ovomerezeka bongo. Izi ndi malonda mabanki osiyana, Makampani ziwongola dzanja zaogulitsa, amene amakopeka ndi msika wa mwini ndalama ndi ndalama makasitomala awo pamsika.
• The Moscow Interbank yosinthira ndalama (MICEX). Kusinthanitsa nsanja amagwira ntchito imene wotuluka zonsezi zitachitika.

Pakuika m'tsogolo

Tsopano zambiri za yaitali chomangira nkhani. "Yaitali kapena yochepa bwino?" - kufunsa ndalama zambiri novice. funso, ndithudi, ndi yolondola, chifukwa onse kumatengera zifukwa zotsatirazi:

• Mwadzina mitengo.
• chidaliro mlingo.
• Peresenti coupon.

Pali nthawi yopindulitsa kwambiri kuti aganyali ntchito nthawi yaitali ndalama ndi kulandira makuponi moyo chidwi kuposa kuti aganyali mu ngongole yochepa, amene ali chapatali amalolera zokolola.

Gulu la nkhani chomangira pa nkhani ya ufulu

Pa nkhani ya ufulu wa nsinga anawagawira monga:

• m'kaundula;
• wonyamula.

Kupelekedwa ndi Issuer mayina payekha, ndi chidwi pa iwo ndi nkhani zawo za ndalama. Mwini chuma, issuers si mapulani monga katundu. Iwo zalembedwa pa kuphana wogulitsa ndi kugula onse pa iwo analanda osinthitsa yeniyeni.

Chiwerengero cha ndalama zomangira kalasi

Pamaso pa Investor kuti aganyali m'ndende, muyenera kupanga ziyenera a mbali zotsatirazi:

1. Tsimikizani kudalirika kwa kampani kugwiritsa malipiro chidwi. Muyenera kudziwa kuchuluka kwa phindu lake pachaka ndipo onse malipiro chidwi. Ngati iwo ali 2-3 ang'onoang'ono kuposa ndalama kumalo a ntchito, imwe munakwanisa kumnyindira ngati issuer kumangigwa. Chotero boma zimasonyeza kuti pali boma khola la kampaniyo. Chotero kusanthula ndi bwino kuti zaka zingapo. Ngati atengera zikuchulukirachulukira (kuchuluka payout ikuchepa chaka chilichonse), pamenepo kampani kumawonjezera umatha ngati mwake, kuchuluka kwa ndalama ikukula, ndiye zipita bankirapuse.
2. Kuchokera pa luso kampani kubwezera ngongole pa malo ena aliwonse. Kuwonjezera nsinga, ndi olimba mwina ngongole zina ndalama, monga ngongole.
3. Kafukufuku ufulu ndalama kampani. Akukhulupirira kuti kampani sadalira magwero kunja, ngati ngongole si upambana 50 peresenti.

chiopsezo

Chiopsezo - ndi Mwina imfa kapena vuto mu phindu kuyembekezera. Kupatula - osati mpikisano, pamene mpata 50 50. Ichi ndi moyenera, wanzeru njira. Koma nthawi zina zimachitika kuti ngakhale khola kwambiri ndi bwino Makampani zinatha.

Pofuna kupewa zolakwa ndi kuchepetsa mavuto kachitidwe mawunikidwe zosiyanasiyana ndi mavoti ntchito msika wogulitsa:

• A ++ - pazipita chitetezo ziyenera.
• A + - kampani wabwino kwambiri.
• Ndipo - amakhalidwe abwino, koma malo ake akhale osalimba.
• B ++ - pafupifupi khalidwe.
• B + - Aperewera.
• V - osauka khalidwe.
• C - nsinga zongopeka.