Mitundu ya ziphunzitso. Masamu chiphunzitso. Sitingawerenge za sayansi

Kodi ziphunzitso aliyense athe kuona, kumva munthu amakono! Ndipo iwo akhoza kukhala madera osiyana kwambiri. Ndipo zimenezi si zodabwitsa chifukwa pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ziphunzitso. Ichi ndi chifukwa chakuti kuti alenge iwo ntchito njira zosiyana, ndipo umalimbana mbali zosiyanasiyana za anthu. Choncho, pali chiphunzitso ndale, masamu, za chuma, chikhalidwe. Koma tiyeni tonse tione.

zambiri

The njira ya sayansi mawu "chiphunzitso" angalimvetse m'njira zikuluzikulu ziwiri: lopapatiza lonse. The woyamba akunena za mawonekedwe apamwamba a gulu la chidziwitso, amene amapereka lingaliro kwathunthu pa kulumikizana ndi substantive zosiyanasiyana mu dera zenizeni. Pankhaniyi, chifukwa chiphunzitso sayansi ndi khalidwe la kuli dongosolo la chiyanjano, ubale zomveka pakati mphepo, hatchability wa wokhutira ku akonzedwa mwachindunji mfundo ndi kufunsira (koma zimenezi ziyenera kuchitidwa monga malamulo zomveka methodological). Ndizo zonse ndi bungwe chiphunzitso zofunika kwambiri. Ndipo kodi pansi ndi kuzindikiridwa tanthauzo wodziika mawu?

Chiphunzitso cha sayansi mu nkhani iyi ndi ya malingaliro, maganizo ndi malingaliro omwe anafuna kumasulira chochitika ena (kapena gulu la zochitika zofanana). Mulibe chilichonse zodabwitsa? Ngati inu mukuganiza chiyani za izo, mu nkhani iyi, pafupifupi aliyense ali zawo zongoganizira. Justice chifukwa chake kuli kofunika kuti mbali zambiri za dera la kuwerenga maganizo tsiku ndi tsiku. Chifukwa iwo mwamuna limakonza lingaliro lake la chilungamo, ubwino, chikondi ndi tanthauzo la moyo, Gona jenda, pambuyo mortem kukhalako, ndi zina zotero.

N'chifukwa chiyani chiphunzitso?

Amalimbikitsa ngati "maselo" methodological wa sayansi. chiphunzitso ano lili kudziwa kupezeka ndi njira imene anali analandira natsimikizira. Ndiko kuti, ali yakuti "nyumba" zakuthupi - chidziwitso. N'zokhudza maweruzo mzake. Kale kwa iwo, malinga ndi malamulo maganizo, kupanga inferences.

Ziribe kanthu zimene mitundu mfundo amaonedwa pa maziko awo ayenera kukhala chimodzi kapena maganizo ochepa (malingaliro) kuti apereke njira zothetsera mavuto enieni (kapena ngakhale zovuta wawo wonse). Kutanthauza kuti kutchedwa sayansi zonse kunachitika, ndi okwanira ndi zokamba chabe bwino anayamba. Monga chitsanzo Masamu.

Kodi zovuta kumvetsa chiphunzitso?

Kuyamba ndi ife adzazindikira malingaliro inferences, mavuto ndi malingaliro. Kawirikawiri kulumikiza mu chiweruzo limodzi. Kwa chiphunzitso cha yemweyo kuli kovuta. Kotero, kufotokoza ndi zifukwa zake zambiri ngakhale kulemba ntchito lonse. Chakwanira ntchito chitsanzo cha chiphunzitso cha kukoka chilengedwe zomwe Newton anakonza. Phunziro ake analemba ntchito voluminous mu 1987, wotchedwa "masamu Mfundo za Natural Philosophy". Mukuzilemba izo anamutenga zaka zoposa 20. Koma zimenezi sizikutanthauza kuti chiphunzitso zofunika moti sangathe kumvetsa nzika wamba.

Makamaka tisaiwale kuti chiphunzitso akhoza limafotokozedwa mwachidule mu zojambula angapo (ndipo motero, wothinikizidwa) mawonekedwe. Njira imeneyi imafotokoza kuti tidzatuluka zonse zazing'ono, moperewera, ndipo nthawi zambiri anatengedwa kuchokera m'mabokosi kulungamitsa mfundo ndi umboni. Komanso, monga taonera kale, ali yense ndi chibadidwe kumanga ziphunzitso zawo ndi generalization cha zimene zinamuchitikira ndiponso kuwunika. Choncho, ngati n'koyenera kumvetsa Sayansi kusokoneza ndi ntchito pafupipafupi anachita.

Mitundu ziphunzitso

Amawapatula pa maziko a dongosolo lawo, limene pamapeto zachokera njira yomanga kudziwa ongolankhula. Kuonetsetsa mitundu mfundo:

• Axiomatic.
• Inductive.
• Wonenedwa-deductive.

Pakuti aliyense wa iwo amagwiritsa Nawonso achichepere yake, amene anapereka mu mawonekedwe a njira zitatu zosiyana.

chiphunzitso axiomatic

mfundo zoterezi unakhazikitsidwa mu sayansi kuyambira m'masiku a masiku amakedzana. Iwo ali mwini wake wa rigor ndi mwatsatanetsatane za sayansi. Oimira wotchuka wa mtundu uwu ndimaganizo masamu. Monga chitsanzo formatizirovannuyu masamu. Kuwonjezera izo, zinthu zimenezi nayenso wapatsidwa mfundo ofunda ndi zina nthambi za sayansi (yopezeka m'zinthu zachilengedwe, electrodynamics ndi zimango). Chitsanzo chachikulu tingachipeze powerenga za nkhani iyi ndi Euclidean Masamu. Kuti nthawi zambiri ankachitira osati nzeru, koma monga chitsanzo cha rigor sayansi. Chofunika mu chimango cha mtundu uwu?

Apa, chidwi kwambiri ndi zigawo zitatu: ndi postulates (axioms), ankaonetsa mtengo (Lingaliro Lovomerezeka) ndi umboni (malamulo, mfundo). Kuyambira pamenepo, kufufuza injini ndi mamangidwe njira akanakhoza kwambiri kusintha. A makamaka ana nkhani imeneyi inali cha m'ma 20. Ndiye kupanga njira yatsopano ndi mlingo lofunika (za mchiphunzitso cha Mwina angaperekedwe chitsanzo). Iwo amapitiriza pulani ndi kumanga pompano, koma pakali pano palibe chimene chikanakhoza kukhala kwambiri kutembenuzira moyo wathu.

chiphunzitso inductive

Akukhulupirira kuti iwo kulibeko mu mawonekedwe woyera, chifukwa sasamalira apodictic komanso molondola phokoso nzeru. Choncho, ambiri amati, tanthauzo la izi njira inductive. Khalidwe iwo kwenikweni kwa sayansi zachilengedwe. Zimenezi zachitika chifukwa chakuti ndi pamene mukhoza kuyamba ndi zatsopano ndi mfundo, ndi kuti atsirizitse generalizations ongolankhula.

Ngakhale kuti anazindikira kuti zaka zingapo zapitazo ziphunzitso inductive anali wotchuka kwambiri. Koma chifukwa cha kukula kwa ndalama pa amasangalatsa sayansi iwo kuvala backburner lapansi. Ndipotu, kuganizira m'mene liyenera chiphunzitso cha Mwina, ngati tidafika ku njira zake zopindulitsa linanena bungwe Inductive zambiri kuyamba ndi kusanthula kuyerekezera tinasonkhanitsa pa kuyesera kapena zochitika deta. Ngati iwo kupeza zofanana kapena wamba, ndiye iwo zowombetsa mkota paudindo chilengedwe.

Wonenedwa-deductive chiphunzitso

Iwo yeniyeni sayansi zachilengedwe. Mlengi wa mtundu uwu amati Galileo Galilei. Komanso, iye maziko ndi sayansi experimental. Kenako, akhala mwa ambiri a sayansi, amene anathandiza kuti kuphatikiza mbiri panopa. Kwenikweni awo ndi kafukufuku amaika patsogolo molimba mtima nkhambakamwa, choonadi chimene ndi chosadziwika. Kenako amanena ntchito ya deductive njira corollaries zichokera. ndondomeko imeneyi mpaka pamene analandira mawu amenewa kotero kuti akhoza chilamulira chikhalidwe ndi zinachitikira. Ngati kuyezetsa wazotsatira akutsimikiza adequacy ake, izo anapeza kuti kungoganizira pachiyambi anali olondola.

Kodi zigawo ayenera sayansi?

Pali classifications ambiri. Kuti asasokonezeke, timatenga monga maziko amene adaganiza Shvyrov. Zotsatirazi zigawo adalira ndi kuvomerezedwa:

• Koyamba wazotsatira maziko. Zina zalembedwa mpaka mfundo mfundo ndi nzeru, amene analandira chifukwa cha zatsopano ndi maphunziro zimafunika.
• Koyamba ongolankhula maziko. Ndi imeneyi inaperekedwa ndi kuchuluka kwa axioms chachikulu postulates ndi maganizo malamulo onse amene gulu kulola kufotokoza idealized chinthu kuganizira.
• Zomveka. Amenewa amanena za kukhazikitsidwa kwa dongosolo kuti apeza ndi umboni.
• Zogwiritsira mawu. Zikuphatikizapo umboni amapanga chochuluka kudziwa kupezeka.

ntchito

Tikumbukenso kuti chiphunzitso ndi maziko kuphunzira cha zochitika zosiyanasiyana, komanso zochita zosiyanasiyana. Ndipo iwo akhoza kukhala nthawi yomweyo ndi zochitika zothandiza, ndipo pa maziko a mawunikidwe lingaliro. Choncho, pali Mwachitsanzo, osiyanasiyana chiphunzitso cha lamulo. Komanso, tisaiwale kuti munthu ndi phunziro lomwelo tinganene kuti ndi mlingo osiyana siyana, ndi makhalidwe ake, motero, zingasiyane.

M'madera ena, ndi amenable kuti standardization, umboni ndi mitundu ya chiphunzitso zachuma, ndipo m'kupita kwa nthaŵi popereka malangizo atsopano. Komabe, angapo kamba mwa iwo akadali amakopeka mafani kumudzudzula. Ngakhale ena mfundo (ndipo kenako maziko sayansi) nthawi zina tiyenera kudziunjikira wina kuchuluka kwa nzeru. Musanayambe zinalengedwa anthu chiyambi chiphunzitso cha Lamarck ndi Darwin, ndi gulu yaikulu ya zinthu kunachitidwa. Kuphunzira zinthu izi zakhala mbiri ya sayansi. Monga momwe chilango chimenechi, kukula zonse za chiphunzitso (zimene zinaphatikizapo kusinthidwa ake, kuyengedwa, kusintha ndi extrapolation ku madera atsopano) pa nthawi akhoza anatambasula m'nthawi wina.

chowonadi

Khalidwe zofunika kwa chiphunzitso chilichonse ndi chitsimikizo ake othandiza, amene amasankha mlingo wa n'loonadi ake. Apa Mwachitsanzo, tili ndi chiphunzitso yotsimikizika ndale, lomwe limati imeneyi muyenera kumachita monga chomwechi mu njira zina. Ngati si othandiza kutsimikiza kapena kukana nchito zake, chosankha pa tanthauzo lake limakhala ndi anthu, anapatsidwa ulamuliro.

Ngati kumene ena n'loonadi poyerekezera ndi izo, ndi kale zotheka kuphunzira zinachitikira alipo ndi kutenga zochita zoyenera kaya kukhala kapena ayi kugwiritsa izo. utumiki limapereka ndithu kusanthula chiphunzitso. Ndi njira anayamba mkati chitha, pogwiritsa ntchito njira za sayansi kuwerengera Mwina kukhazikitsa bwino, komanso malo kupeza "chuma chobisika."