M'mayiko mafuta exporting: mbiri ndi modernity

M'mayiko mafuta exporting anali mu mbiri za chuma kwa nthawi yaitali. Akukhulupirira kuti zaka 80-90 zaka za m'ma 19 European mankhwala msika mafuta kutumizidwa ku US (bwino Pennsylvania, anatsegula mu 1859) ndi Russia (kumunda pa za Absheron Peninsula, chiyambi cha chitukuko 1848).

m'mbiri

Pa chitukuko cha Baku, kumene zinthu yabwino kwa polandirira msonkho ndalama, mu 1875 abale Nobel anafika ndi likulu lalikulu inakhazikitsidwa. Panali anamanga mafuta mapaipi, zomera processing. mathanki inakhazikitsidwa, amene anali katundu mafuta ku mayiko ena (mu 1877).

Sitingathe kunena kuti mafuta exporting dziko pamene mwamphamvu mpikisano wina ndi mzake, monga Russian mafuta pa nthawi sizigulitsidwa 50% kuposa zipangizo yaiwisi America ndi Peru (Lima). Mu 1883, msika wa Russian Ufumu kwathunthu kutsekedwa kwa mankhwala mafuta US, ndipo Hala m'munda adayamba kusewera, osati ntchito zachuma komanso zandale.

kuyamba kumenyana

Pambuyo chiyambi cha kumayambiriro Unyinji wa mafuta galimoto umakhala wofunika kwambiri zopangira kwa amene ali kale zaka zambiri ndi nkhondo mu madera osiyana a dziko. Ichi ndi chifukwa chakuti lalikulu, mphamvu amphamvu (US, Germany, France, Japan, China) alibe nkhokwe zawo lalikulu. Choncho, cholinga cha asilikali awo ndi nkhani zandale ndi mafuta exporting mayiko ndi chuma wolemera achilengedwe.

Zotsatira za ulimi pa kakhalidwe ka moyo

Momwe zakale zambiri zimadalira maunansi awo ndi United States. Mwachitsanzo, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Qatar ndi United Arab Emirates bwino, ngakhale zaka zisanu zapitazo, asanatulukire chuma chamtengo wapatali, anali boma m'mbuyo kwambiri. Mafuta ndi gasi wolowa (makamaka Japan ndi US) walola kuti alenge mu nyengo louma la Saudi Arabia m'thumba "m'paradaiso padziko lapansi", kuukitsa kakhalidwe ka moyo wa anthu. Pankhaniyi, kapangidwe ka bajeti ya ndalama za dziko ku kugulitsa katundu mafuta mlandu 90%. Mu Angola, pamene pali zitsime zamafuta, pali mitengo kwambiri kukula chuma, ndi kupereka ufulu chitukuko cha madipoziti lalikulu ikuchitikira ku London ndi ku New York.

Osakhulupirika kwa woimira lalikulu la mayiko mafuta exporting a azungu a M'malo mwake, imvera ziletso pa za chuma, ankhondo kuwukira (Iran, Iraq, Venezuela).

Kuwonjezera m'mayiko amenewa, mafuta Waogula Zinthu Kunja ndi maiko monga Algeria, Nigeria, Mexico, Canada, Norway, Russia ndi United Kingdom. Yotsirizira alibe nkhokwe yaikulu zosiyanasiyana mchere, koma anali atulukira m'matangadza lalikulu la malasha kenako mafuta (mu Nyanja North) analola England kupanga madera mafakitale woyamba.

Mafuta Exporting Mayiko ndi nkhokwe osiyana mafuta. Akukhulupirira kuti waukulu wa iwo wambiri Venezuela (21 peresenti), kenako Saudi Arabia (pafupifupi 19 peresenti), Iran, Iraq ndi ena. Russian Federation mu mndandanda umenewu uli mwa malo chiwiri ndi 5%, pamene mlingo wa kudya cha masoka chuma limasonyeza kuti zaka makumi awiri (ndi dziko pa avareji sate-faifi) kusungiramo zinthu mchere akhoza kwambiri zatha.