Mmene kukumana KA - chikhazikitso cha mmene kukumana ndi ...

Mawu akuti "zofunikira" mu kumasulira kuchokera ku Greek logistike amatanthauza china choposa kulingalira, kuwerengera. Gwiritsani ntchito lingaliro limeneli kuyambira m'zaka za zana lachisanu ndi chimodzi. Izi zikuwonetsedwa ndi zolemba zofotokozera za luso la nkhondo la nthawiyo. Udindo wa logisticist unkakhalanso ku khoti la mfumu ya Byzantine. Ntchito zake zinali kuphatikizapo chakudya chogulitsidwa patebulo.

Pali zambiri zokhudza kugwiritsa ntchito mfundo za Napoleon. Anawagwiritsa ntchito kutsogolera asilikali ake.

Mu Chirasha, mawu akuti "Kukonzekera" anawoneka kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la 19. Lingaliro limeneli linayambitsidwa ndi katswiri wa usilikali wa ku France Antoine Jomini.

Tanthauzo lalikulu la mawuwo

Zogulitsa ndi chimodzi mwa zigawo za sayansi ya zachuma. Nkhani yowonongeka ndi bungwe la ndondomeko yowonjezereka yopititsa patsogolo ntchito ndi katundu wochokera kwa wopanga kwa wogula. Kuwonjezera pamenepo, ntchito ndi chilango, kugwiritsa ntchito komwe kuli kofunikira kuti kasamalidwe kogulitsa katundu, komanso momwe angapititsire kwa wogula. Sayansi iyi ikuwonanso komanso kukhazikitsa njira zoyenera zothetsera mavutowa.

Kuchokera kwa kayendetsedwe ka bungwe lirilonse, zofunikira sizinangokhala zongoganizira zokhazokha, kuchoka pazinthu zogula katundu, kugulitsa ndi kusungirako katundu, zipangizo, ndi zina zotero. Lingaliro lomwe likufotokozedwa likuphatikiza kulamulira pazodziwitso ndi ndalama za malonda.

Lingaliro la dongosolo logwiritsa ntchito

Buku lotanthauzira mawu, munthu akhoza kupeza tanthauzo la zinthu zomwe, pokhala mu chiyanjano chimodzi kapena chiyanjano, zimapanga mgwirizano weniweni. Iyi ndiyo dongosolo.

Lingaliro limeneli likugwiritsidwa ntchito ku sayansi yomwe tikulingalira. Kuonjezerapo, machitidwe opangidwira - iyi ndiyo mawu omwe ali maziko a chilango ichi. Cholinga cha chilengedwe chawo ndi kuchepetsa ndalama kapena kuziika pamtunda wina popereka chidziwitso, mautumiki kapena katundu wogwiritsidwa ntchito molondola komanso kuchuluka kwa malo omwe atchulidwa mu mgwirizano ndi wogula.

Zamtengo Wapatali

Machitidwe a zamalonda ndi zinthu zachuma, zomwe zogwirizana ndi zikhalidwe ndizochitika, pakati pawo:

• Mndandanda wa maulumikilo osiyanasiyana omwe ali mu kuyanjana wina ndi mzake;
• Ubale wina umene umakhudza makhalidwe ofunika;
• Zinthu zopanga dongosolo zomwe zimapanga ubale wolamulidwa;
• Makhalidwe ophatikizana amakhala ndi dongosolo lonse, koma osati mkhalidwe wake.

Zinthu za kayendetsedwe ka mankhwala

Malingana ndi kachitidwe ka dziko, akatswiri azachuma amapanga chitsimikiziro chotsimikizika kuti mfundo zofunikira zimayimira imodzi mwa mtengo wofunika mizere yofunikira kuti chitukuko chikhale chonchi. Cholinga cha zoterezi ndi kuwonjezera mphamvu, zakuthupi ndi zachuma, komanso kuzigwiritsa ntchito pamagulu osiyanasiyana.

Zida za dongosolo loyendetsera zinthu ndizosiyana kwambiri. Zikuphatikizapo:

• Zinthu zakuthupi zimatanthauza zofunikira kuti kayendetsedwe ka katundu (kuyendetsa ndi kutsitsa katundu, TS, malo osungiramo katundu);
• Zojambula;
• Maofesi omwe amayendetsa zinthu zonse zopezeka.

Mwa kuyankhula kwina, kupita patsogolo kwa zakuthupi kumachitika ndi ntchito ya antchito oyenerera, omwe amagwiritsa ntchito magalimoto, zipangizo zosiyanasiyana, ndi zina zotero.

Lingaliro la kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka zinthu silingatheke popanda ntchito yogwirizanitsa ndi yogwirizanitsa ya maulumikizano ake, omwe ali ndi katundu wambiri, omwe ndi:

1. Umphumphu ndi magawano. Ndondomeko iliyonse, kuphatikizapo zofunikira, imatengedwa ngati ndondomeko yothandizira. Pa msinkhu waukulu, iwo akuphatikizapo mabungwe ogulitsa ndi kuyendetsa akusuntha pakati pawo. Kufotokozera mwatsatanetsatane kayendedwe ka kayendedwe ka kayendedwe ka zinthu ndizo:

• Kugulidwa, pamene njira yoyendetsera zinthu ikuyendera mu dongosolo;
• Kukonzekera ndi kuyendetsa bwino njira zogwirira ntchito zomwe zimalandira malo osungirako katundu ndikuwatsogolera kuchita ntchito zosiyanasiyana zamakono, kusintha nkhani ya ntchito kuti ikhale yotsiriza;
• Malonda, omwe ntchito yake ndi kuchoka kwa chuma kumayenda kuchokera ku kayendedwe kogwirira ntchito.

Zonse zomwe zimaganiziridwa ndizosiyana, koma nthawi yomweyo zimagwirizana. Ntchito yawo yodziwikiratu ndikuonetsetsa kuti kayendetsedwe kake kamagwiritsidwa ntchito.

2. Ubale. Zilipo pakati pa zinthu zonse za kayendedwe kake, kutanthauzira makhalidwe ake ofanana. Pa msinkhu waukulu, makampani amatumikizana. Muzigawo zing'onozing'ono ndizoyanjana .

3. bungwe. Ichi ndi katundu wa dongosolo logwiritsira ntchito.

4. Makhalidwe ogwirizana. Malowa amakhudza momwe zinthu zogwiritsira ntchito zimagwirira ntchito. Makhalidwe ogwirizana amaimira kuthekera kwabwino kwa wogula pamalo abwino ndi nthawi ndi ndalama zochepa. Kuwonjezera apo, malowa amakulolani kuti mulowerere ku dongosolo ngati zamasintha pa chilengedwe.

Kulemba

Kodi mitundu yamakono ndi yotani? Zimagawidwa kuti zinyamule ndi malo osungiramo katundu, kupanga ndi malamulo, ogwira ntchito, mauthenga, ndi zina zotero. Zonsezi zikuphatikizidwa m'magulu akulu awiri, zomwe ndi zazikulu komanso zogonana. Awa ndi machitidwe apamwamba. Tiyeni tiganizire aliyense mwa iwo mwatsatanetsatane.

Macrological system

Izi ndi mndandanda waukulu wa mabungwe omwe akuphatikiza mabungwe a mafakitale, malonda ndi zoyendetsa zomwe zili m'mayiko osiyanasiyana kapena m'madera osiyana a dziko limodzi. Amalowa makampani akuluakulu ndi makampani apakati. Zonsezi zimagwirizanitsa zimayimira maziko a zachuma a dera, dziko limodzi kapena mayiko ena.

Kulengedwa kwa dongosolo lalikulu la dziko lonse lapansi ndi nkhani yovuta kwambiri. Apa ndikofunikira kuthana ndi mavuto omwe akukhudzana ndi zochitika zachuma ndi zalamulo m'mayiko osiyanasiyana. Ndiponso, ndi mavuto ena ambiri, mawonekedwe oterewa amatha. Izi ndizikhalidwe zosalinganizidwa pa kupereka katundu, ndi malamulo osiyanasiyana oyendetsa, ndi zina zotchinga.

Kukonzekera kwadongosolo lodziwika bwino pakati pa mapulojekiti osiyana-siyana kudzafuna mapangidwe amtundu umodzi wa malonda ndi malo osungira ndalama omwe alibe malire amkati. Pa nthawi imodzimodziyo, pakubweretsa katundu, ntchito, chidziwitso ndi ndalama, sipangakhale zothetsa miyambo.

Mitundu ya mawonekedwe a zizindikiro za macrolevel amagawidwa molingana ndi zizindikiro zotsatirazi:

• Pazigawenga-magawo a dziko;
• Pa subjective-ntchito zotheka.

M'machitidwe a mayiko a kumadzulo kwa Ulaya, lingaliro lofanana ndi dongosolo lonse lodziwika bwino nthawi zambiri limagwiritsidwa ntchito. Izi zikhoza kukhala boma (mwachitsanzo, masewera). Zolengedwa zake zimachitika pamtunda umodzi. Dziko lonse limatchedwanso interstate system, lomwe limaphatikizapo mayiko angapo. Lingaliro lomwelo limaphatikizapo unyolo wodabwitsa, wogwira ntchito mkati mwa malire a makontinenti ambiri.

Malingana ndi kugwirizana komwe kulipo, kayendedwe kabwino kake kakagawidwa mu mitundu itatu. Kotero, iwo akhoza kukhala:

• Kulankhulana kwachindunji, pamene kayendetsedwe ka zinthu zimayenda molunjika kuchokera kwa wopanga katundu kupita kwa wogula womaliza;
• Osachepera mmodzi wamapakati (machitidwe oterewa amatchedwa ocheleded);
• Kuwunikira mwachindunji, kapena kupereka katundu kudzera mwa mkhalapakati.

Ndondomeko ya micrologistic

Uwu ndi mtundu wa mapangidwe a zakuthupi, wogwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zina. Cholinga cha mndandanda wa ma micrological ndikulingalira kayendetsedwe ka zinthu zomwe zimapangidwira, kupanga, ndi malonda.

Ndondomeko yoyendetsera ntchitoyi iyenera kumangidwa poganizira zolinga za kampaniyo ndi kuthetsa mavuto ogwira ntchito. Zochitika zoterezi zimagwirizanitsa kukula kwa bizinesi iliyonse. Panthaŵi yomweyi, dongosolo la kayendetsedwe ka bungwe limapereka njira yothetsera nkhani zokhudzana ndi kutuluka kwa zinthu.

Ndipo pakali pano pali mndandanda. Mitundu ya kayendedwe ka kayendedwe kagawidwe kamagawanika:

• Zamkatimo (mkati);
• Kunja;
• Kuphatikizidwa.

Ndondomeko yamakono ya mtundu wamtunduwu imatchedwa kupititsa patsogolo kayendetsedwe ka zinthu zakutchire malinga ndi kayendetsedwe kachipangizo kake kapena kupanga. Ntchito zake zowonongeka ndi kuchepetsa ntchito zogwirira ntchito komanso chuma, kuphatikizapo kuchepetsa nthawi ya ntchito yaikulu ya kampaniyo. Kuti izi zitheke, kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe kogwirira ntchito kayenela kuyendetsa ndi kuyang'anira kayendetsedwe ka chuma ndi kukonzetsa ntchito ya chitukuko cha sayansi. Njira yothetsera ntchitoyi idzabweretsa ndalama zochepa zomwe zimapangidwira ndikuwonjezereka kuntchito zothandizira pakhomo pokhapokha mutakhala ndi katundu wofunikira.

Maonekedwe akuwonetseratu akuthandizira kuthetsa ntchito zokhudzana ndi kukonzekera ndi kusamalira zinthu zomwe zimagulitsidwa kuchokera kwa wogulitsa kupita kwa wogula. Kusunthika uku kumachitika kunja kwa kayendedwe kachipangizo kampani.

Zomwe zimapanga mawonekedwe a kunja zakunja ndizogawira ndi kugawaniza machitidwe omwe akuonetsetsa kuti kayendetsedwe ka katundu kuchokera kwa osungiramo katundu mpaka ogulitsa omaliza. Zimaphatikizapo makampani oyendetsa makampani, makampani oyendetsa katundu, etc., komanso magulu omwe amagwira ntchito. Ntchito zazikulu zomwe zakonzedwa kuti zithetse machitidwe oyenera a kunja ndikukonzekera kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka zinthu, komanso kukonzetsa ndalama zonse komanso kuchepetsa nthawi yobereka.

Mavuto azachuma amasiku ano amafunikira njira zosiyana zedi zopititsa patsogolo kuyendetsa chuma. Ndipo pano pulogalamu yovomerezeka yolumikizana imabwera powapulumutsa. Zimachokera ku mgwirizano wa njira zatsopano komanso njira yatsopano yogwiritsira ntchito kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe kabwino ka kayendedwe kake. Pakalipano, makampani oyendetsa dziko lapansi pakukhazikitsa zida zogwiritsira ntchito kayendetsedwe ka zinthu zakuthambo amagwiritsira ntchito chidziwitso chodziwika ndi pakompyuta.

Pa nthawi imodzimodziyo, njira yatsopano yopangira luso imakhazikitsidwa. Gulu logwirizana logwirizana limalola makampani kuti awonjezere kwambiri liwiro la katundu wogulitsa, kuchepetsa kulingalira ndi kukwaniritsa zosowa za makasitomala mu zinthu zabwino ndi mautumiki. Mwa kuphatikiza ntchito ya makampani a kampani, makonzedwe ake onse, komanso othandizira, mungathe kukwanitsa kuchita bwino bizinesi.

Bungwe la kuyendayenda kwa zinthu zakuthambo

Kusamalira mu machitidwe ogwiritsira ntchito ali ndi mwapadera. Zimaphatikizapo zinthu monga kugula ndi kupanga, kuyendetsa, kufalitsa ndi kudziwa. Tiyeni tiganizire aliyense mwa iwo mwatsatanetsatane.

Ntchito za kugula zinthu zothetsedweratu zimathetsedwa panthawi yopereka zipangizo kwa malonda. Panthawiyi, ogula katundu amasankhidwa ndikuphunzira, mgwirizanowo wasiya, ndipo zotsatira zawo zowonongedwa zimayang'aniridwa. Ngati mwakhumudwa ndi mawu otsogolera omwe atchulidwa mu mgwirizano, ziyenera kuchitidwa.

Chitsanzo cha kayendedwe kogwirira ntchito komwe kumathetsa mavuto ofanana ndi omwe angawoneke pazinthu zonse. Mu kampani iliyonse pali ntchito zowonjezera, zomwe ntchito zonse zapamwambazi zapatsidwa.

Komanso, nkhaniyo ikuyenda mkati mwa bizinesi yokhayo imayendetsedwa. Ndiko, komwe katundu amapangidwa kapena ntchito zimaperekedwa. Panthawi imeneyi, ntchito zake zimathetsedwa ndi kupanga zinthu. Chodziwikiratu cha kapangidwe ka ntchitoyi ndikuti mphamvu yonse ya ntchito pa kutuluka kwa zakuthupi ikuchitika mkati mwa malire a gawo la malonda. Pa nthawi yomweyi, onse omwe ali nawo mu ndondomeko yazinthu sangalowe mu ubale wina ndi mnzake. Choncho, kayendetsedwe ka kayendedwe kameneka sikamachitika malinga ndi mapangano ogwirizana. Zimasuntha malinga ndi zisankho zomwe zinapangidwa ndi ntchito yoyang'anira ntchito. Komabe, malo ogulitsa mafakitale ndi ofanana kwambiri ndi ntchito zogulitsa ndi kupititsa patsogolo ntchito zotsirizira.

Lingaliro la dongosolo logwiritsa ntchito likuphatikizapo kukhazikitsidwa kwa ntchito yogawa. Ntchito izi siziperekedwa ku makampani opanga zokha, komanso mabungwe omwe amachita nawo malonda ndi zochitika zamkati. Panthawi imeneyi, mawonekedwe a mphamvu akuphatikizidwa mu kayendetsedwe ka ndondomeko zogwirira ntchito, popeza ntchito yogawa ikukhudza chuma cha dera. Mwachitsanzo, izi zikutanthauza bungwe la dongosolo lomwe limagwira ntchito yogawa chakudya. Pazomwe zimayendetsedwa, kapangidwe kazinthu kameneka kamangoyang'anitsitsa ngakhale pa siteji pamene ili pamalo opangira. Panthawi imeneyi, zolembedwera ndi zolemba, nthawi, kuchuluka kwa zopangidwe, ndi zina zotero, zikukambidwa.

Komanso, kayendetsedwe ka kayendedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka zinthu kamadutsa ku gawo loyendetsa. Pano, nkhani zowonjezera kayendetsedwe ka zinthu zimathetsedwa. Onsewa ali m'ntchito yoyendetsa katundu. Kuphatikizanso pazowonjezereka zonsezi, palibe malire omveka bwino. Njira yogwiritsira ntchito zogwiritsa ntchito ikugwiritsidwa ntchito pakukonzekera mtundu uliwonse wa zoyendetsa.

Zinthu Zogulitsa

Kodi zotsatira za kuyenda kwa zinthu zimadalira chiyani? Kugwira bwino ntchitoyi kungatheke pokhapokha pali njira zowunikira bwino zogwiritsira ntchito. Ndi omwe amalola zaka makumi awiri kuti apange kukonzanso mapeto a zakuthupi.

Machitidwe ogwiritsira ntchito zamagetsi amagwiritsa ntchito teknoloji ya microprocessor, zamakono zamakono zamakono ndi njira zina zothetsera ntchito. Mbali iyi ikugwirizana kwambiri ndi zinthu zina zomwe zimayendetsa ndi kuyendetsa kayendetsedwe ka zinthu zakuthambo. Pa nthawi yomweyi, mfundo sizingagwiritsidwe ntchito pokhapokha pa bizinesi yokha, komanso pakati pa okondedwa omwe ali pamtunda waukulu.

Kusanthula kayendedwe kogwirira ntchito

Kukonzekera kulikonse kwa kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka zinthu kumayambira ndi kubwereza momwe zinthu zilili panopa komanso kukonzekera kufufuza koyenera. Pachifukwa ichi, dongosolo loyendetsera ntchito likuyesedwa. Ndikofunikira kuphunzira malo omwe akunja, kuyesa ochita mpikisano ndi msika, komanso kuti mudziwe makhalidwe omwe ali nawo mndandanda uliwonse.

Kuchita maphunziro a dongosolo loyendetsera zinthu, choyamba ndikuwona kupezeka kwa nkhokwe zake kuti zitheke. Kenaka timaphunzira zenizeni zomwe zili zofunika kuti tipeze zovuta komanso zovuta kuti tione momwe ntchito ikuyendera. Pamapeto pa kusanthula, njira zomwe zingasinthidwe posintha ndondomeko zogwirira ntchito zikudziwika, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale dongosolo lovomerezeka kwambiri.