X-ray

X-ray ankagwidwa ndi WK Roentgen mu 1895 ndipo dzina X-ray. Pa zaka ziwiri zotsatira, wasayansi nawo kafukufuku wawo. Nthawi imeneyi, choyamba zinalengedwa machubu X-ray. Iwo ali gwero ambiri cheza.

Kwavumbulutsidwa kuti zovuta X-ray amatha kudutsa zosiyanasiyana katundu, komanso zofewa minofu anthu. Mfundo yamasika Mwachangu anapeza ntchito mankhwala.

Kupezeka kwa X-ray anagwira pamene chidwi asayansi padziko lonse. The Pambuyo anatulukira, kuchuluka yaikulu ntchito pa kafukufuku wawo ndi ntchito linasindikizidwa.

Asayansi ambiri kuphunzira katundu wa X-ray.

J .. Stokes ananeneratu chikhalidwe chawo atomu, wakhala anatsimikizira experimentally Charles Barkley, amene anamasula ndi kugawanika. German sayansi Knipping, Friedrich, Laue mapindidwe akuwala anaulula (zachilengedwe kugwirizana ndi kupatuka pa kafalitsidwe rectilinear). Mu 1913, a ufulu wodzilamulira kuchoka kwa mzake ndipo Bragg anati Wolfe anapeza ubale yosavuta pakati pa timaganiza, mapindidwe akuwala ngodya ndi mtunda pakati pa ndege oyandikana atomiki mu galasi lapansi. Ntchito pamwamba anapanga maziko a structural X-ray kusanthula. Ntchito makulidwe yoganizira elemental zakuthupi inayamba mu 20s lapansi. Mu chitukuko cha kuphunzira ndi ntchito cheza kumathandiza chachikulu Physico-zaumisiri Institute, lomwe linakhazikitsidwa A. F. Ioffe.

Ambiri gwero mtengo ndi X-ray chubu. Komabe, zinthu zikhoza kukhala munthu nyukiliya isotopes. Motero mwachindunji zimatulutsa X-ray, ndi ena cheza nyukiliya (a particles kapena ma elekitironi) emitting cheza alipo zitsulo chandamale. Chubu ali zayamba kwambiri cheza mwamphamvu kuposa njira isotopic. Pa yomweyo, kukula, mtengo, kulemera kwa magwero isotopic zochepa kwambiri kusiyana ndi unsembe chubu.

Magwero a zofewa X-ray angakhale synchrotrons ndi abulusa amagetsi. Mphamvu ya synchrotron cheza pa malamulo awiri kapena atatu a ukulu woposa cheza chubu mu osiyanasiyana dera.

The zachilengedwe, zomwe zimatulutsa X-ray monga Dzuwa ndi zinthu zina m'chilengedwe zinalinganizidwira bwino.

Malinga ndi limagwirira wa zosayembekezereka ya umuna makulidwe okha mwina khalidwe (analamulira) nagawa (mosalekeza).

Ngati chachiwiri, X-ray sipekitiramu panamveka ndi particles kudya (adawalamulira) chifukwa chopinga awo mu ndondomeko ya ntchito mogwirizana ndi maatomu chandamale.

Mzere umuna ndi kwaiye chifukwa cha ionization atomiki ndi elekitironi ejection ku imodzi mwa zipolopolo za maatomu. zodabwitsazi angakhale chifukwa kugunda, ndi kudya atomu particles, mwachitsanzo, ndi elekitironi ndi (chachikulu X-ray), kapena atomu mayamwidwe fotoni ndi (kuwala X-ray).

Mogwirizana cheza ndi nkhani mukhoza kulenga zotsatira photoelectric zomwe zimathera mayamwidwe awo kapena madyaidya ndikuledzera. chodabwitsa Izi wapezeka mu nkhani kumene mayamwidwe wa fotoni ndi atomu limatulutsa munthu woyamba wa ma elekitironi lamkati. Mwina ndiye zimachitika mwina radiative kusintha ndi umuna wa khalidwe atomu fotoni umuna kapena ejection wa elekitironi wachiwiri kusintha radiationless.

Mothandizidwa ndi X-ray galasi nonmetallic (mwachitsanzo, thanthwe mchere) ena mfundo mu latisi atomiki wa ayoni kupangidwa, ndi zina woyang'anira zabwino, ndi pafupi iwo pali ma elekitironi owonjezera.