Mpweya umene (mankhwala mchitidwe) katundu chilinganizo chikhazikitso

Ndi chinthu chofunikira kwambiri kwa anthu onse katundu wa mpweya monga ozoni. Amafotokozera, amene apangidwa, - mpweya izi O. Ndipotu Mpweya umene O ₃ - wina allotropic zosintha oxygenation wopangidwa mayunitsi atatu a formular (O ÷ O ÷ G). A woyamba ndi pawiri kudziwika - ndi lokha mpweya mpweya Zoonadi kuti aumbike mwa maatomu awiri (D = O) - O _2.

Allotropy - luso la mchitidwe mankhwala kupanga angapo katundu osiyana mankhwala yosavuta. Zikomo anthu ndi anafufuza ntchito zinthu monga diamondi ndi graphite, monoclinic ndi orthorhombic sulfure, mpweya, ndi Mpweya umene. Mchitidwe chokhala ndi luso choterocho si kwenikweni okha zosintha ziwiri zokha, ena a iwo.

Mbiri ya mankhwala anapeza

Mbali woyezera zinthu zambiri organic ndi zochita kupanga, kuphatikizapo monga ozoni - chinthu mankhwala amene chizindikiro O - oxygen, mu «oxys» Greek - wowawasa, ndipo «gignomai» - kubereka.

Kwa nthawi yoyamba latsopano allotropic kusinthidwa mpweya pa zatsopano ndi kukha magetsi anapeza mu 1785 ndi wa ku Netherlands Martijn galimoto Maroun, chidwi ankawakonda fungo. patapita zaka France Mkhristu Friedrich Schönbein taonera pamaso pa yomweyo pambuyo mkuntho, umene mpweya dzina lake "kununkhiza". Koma asayansi ena kunyengedwa kukhulupirira kuti kuona fungo yafungo yekha ozoni. Fungo kuti atayamba a mankhwala organic oxidized mwa kuchita ndi O _3, monga mpweya ndi zotakasika kwambiri.

kapangidwe pakompyuta

Yemweyo structural mpukutu ndi O2 ndi O3 - chinthu mankhwala. Mpweya umene ali ndi dongosolo zovuta zambiri. The mpweya akadali ndi losavuta - maatomu awiri ndi mpweya limodzi ndi ubale awiri ndi ongokhala ϭ- π-chigawo chimodzi, monga mwa valency wa mchitidwe wa. About ₃ ali nyumba zingapo resonant. Angapo chomangira kulumikiza awiri mpweya, ndi chachitatu limodzi. Choncho, chifukwa kusamuka π-chigawo, chithunzi okwana maatomu atatu ali m'modzi ndi kugwirizana theka. ubwenzi ndi wamfupi kusiyana ndi umodzi, koma yaitali kuposa pawiri. Mwina zisadzachitikenso mamolekyulu asayansi imachitika zatsopano mulibemo.

njira kaphatikizidwe

Mapangidwe mpweya monga ozoni, mankhwala mchitidwe oxygen ayenera kukhala ndi sing'anga gaseous mawonekedwe a maatomu payekha. wotere analengedwa mu kugunda wa okosijeni ndi ma elekitironi O ₂ pa kukha magetsi kapena particles zina ndi zopatsa mphamvu, ndipo pamene irradiated ndi kuwala ultraviolet.

gawo la mikango kuchuluka okwana Mpweya umene umatulutsa njira photochemical mu chithupi zinthu mumlengalenga. Anthu amakonda kugwiritsa ntchito ntchito mankhwala njira zina monga Mwachitsanzo, electrolytic kaphatikizidwe. Amakhala mu kuti amadzimadzi electrolyte sing'anga pulatinamu maelekitirodi anaika n'kulola panopa. Chiwembu anachita:

H ₂ O + O ₂ → O ₃ + H ₂ + E ^-

thupi katundu

Mpweya (O) - wagawo chigawo monga ozoni mankhwala - mankhwala mchitidwe amene chilinganizo ndi wachibale molar misa zalembedwa mu tebulo nthawi. Musayambe O ₃ ndi mpweya, izo amapeza katundu mwapadera kwa anthu O _2.

Gasi buluu - ichi ndi boma wamba mankhwala monga ozoni. Chemical mchitidwe chilinganizo kachulukidwe makhalidwe - onse akufotokozera chizindikiritso ndi kuphunzira thunthu. Kuwira mfundo iye -111,9 ° C, liquefied boma ali ndi mdima wofiirira mtundu, kanthawi kutsitsa digiri ku -197,2 ° C limatsogolera akuyamba. Mu boma olimba a loitanirana Mpweya umene umakhala mtundu wakuda ndi azioneka wofiirira. Ake nthawi solubility khumi kuposa ndi katundu wa O mpweya _2. Pamene woipa kwambiri yaing'ono mpweya fungo la ozoni, ndi lakuthwa, yeniyeni ndi akufanana fungo la zitsulo.

katundu mankhwala

wokangalika, ndi kayimidwe anachita, gasi ndi Mpweya umene. Chemical mfundo ndipamene - ndi oxygen. Mikhalidwe imene kudziwa khalidwe la Mpweya umene mu mogwirizana ndi zinthu zina, - mkulu oxidizing luso ndi Kusakhazikika kwa mpweya yokha. Pa kutentha okwera, amaola pa mlingo zachitika imathandizira ndondomeko ndi catalysts monga oxides zitsulo, chlorine dioxide, asafe ndi ena. Oxidant katundu chibadidwe mbali structural wa ozoni chifukwa cha kuyenda kwa molekyulu ndi chimodzi ndi maatomu mpweya, amene cleaves kwasanduka mpweya mpweya: O ₃ → O ₂ + O ·

Mpweya (nyumbayi chipika imene anamanga molekyulu zinthu monga mpweya ndi Mpweya umene) - mankhwala amafotokozera. Monga kwalembedwa mu maikwezhoni zotani - About ·. Mpweya umene oxidizes zitsulo onse kupatula golide, pulatinamu ndi subgroups ake. Umakaphatikizana ndi mpweya mu mlengalenga - oxides sulfure, asafe ndi ena. Kukhala zinthu inert ndi organic, makamaka njira kudya ndi mipata nsinga angapo mwa mapangidwe mankhwala wapakatikati. Nkofunikira kuti mankhwala anachita ndi chabwinobwino kwa chilengedwe ndi anthu. madzi, mpweya, oxides apamwamba a zinthu zosiyana, oxides mpweya. Chisoni ndi Mpweya umene samabwera mankhwala bayinare wa calcium, titaniyamu ndi pakachitsulo ndi oxygen.

ntchito

M'dera yaikulu ntchito "kununkhiza" mpweya - izo ozonation. Chotero njira yolera yotseketsa zambiri aluso ndi otetezeka ku zamoyo kuposa chlorine disinfection. Pamene ayeretsedwe madzi ndi Mpweya umene mapangidwe amapezeka opangidwa kuchokera poizoni wa dziko halogen oopsa mmalo.

Makamaka, njira zachilengedwe ya njira yolera yotseketsa ntchito makampani chakudya. Mpweya umene ankapatsidwa zida refrigeration, maofesi yosungirako zopangidwa ndi thandizo iye achite kuchotsa zofukiza.

Pakuti mankhwala katundu tizilombo toyambitsa matenda a Mpweya umene komanso ili yofunika kwambiri. Iwo mankhwala pa chilonda, saline njira. Ozonated venous magazi, komanso "kununkhiza" mpweya kuchitira angapo matenda aakulu.

Kukhala chikhalidwe ndi phindu

Zambiri mankhwala Mpweya umene - mchitidwe mafuta zikuchokera stratosphere dera pafupi malo unali pa mtunda wa pafupi 20-30 Km from pamwamba. Kudzipatula pawiri izi zidzachitika njira kugwirizana ndi kukha za magetsi, pa kuwotcherera, ndi copier zida. Koma stratosphere izo likakhazikitsidwa komanso lili 99% kuchuluka okwana Mpweya umene pano mu m'mlengalenga.

Vital anatsimikizira pamaso mpweya mu malo pafupi-Earth. Ndipamene m'menemo otchedwa ozoni, amene amateteza moyo zonse ku woopsa ultraviolet poizoniyu dzuwa. Oddly zokwanira, koma pa ndime mwayi waukulu, mpweya palokha ndi oopsa kwa anthu. Kuwonjezera ndende ya Mpweya umene mwa munthu mpweya kupuma zoipa kwa chamoyo, chifukwa cha reactivity ake kwambiri.