Mumve tebulo Turgenev. Moyo ndi Ntchito ya JS Turgenev: kuchuluka tebulo

Turgenev tsoka chidwi kwambiri ofufuza chifukwa zochitika zimalimbikitsa ndi omveka mwachindunji zokhudzana ndi tsoka lalikulu la Mama. Chifukwa talente zamphamvu za owerenga wolemba padziko lonse anatha timudziwe bwino ntchito zodabwitsa ndi zosaiŵalika kuti adalowa m'mbiri ya mbiri. Pafupifupi zaka theka tili ndi kuyamikira ndi mantha kusunga m'manja mwa mabuku mumazikonda Turgenev ndipo phunzirani kwa Iye mphamvu kumvetsetsa ndi kuti kukongola kwa dziko lakwawo, kulemekeza ulemu ndi phindu ufulu, monga mphatso lopambana.

Kugwiritsa ntchito tebulo kuchuluka

Mu kuphunzira lothandiza aliyense wa m'mbiri, magawo a chitukuko kapena zilandiridwenso kwa woimira luso la kafukufuku kulinganiza kwenikweni chofunika kuchuluka tebulo. Turgenev nthawi yoyamba tikuyamba kufufuza sukulu, mu makalasi mabuku. Mu kalasi 5 - ndi olimbikitsa nkhani ya Gerasim ndi Mumu, 6 TH - yochepa nkhani "Bezhin dambo", ndipo - "The Nyamuliranani", "Asya", "" Choyamba Chikondi "ndi" ndakatulo mu Prose ".

Patapita zaka ife amakhudzana ndi lalikulu kwambiri kuti ntchito - mabuku, zimene zinabweretsa ulemerero mabuku Russian ndipo anapambana chikondi owerenga yachilendo. Kumene, pa chilichonse siteji ya kuphunzira yonena za wolemba, tinaphunzira za izo mfundo zatsopano zothandiza kumvetsa bwino ntchito ya munthu uyu zapadera. thandizo singasiyanitsidwe akhoza pano biographic kuchuluka tebulo la Turgenev, amene amalola kukonza deta kudziwa mfundo zofunika kwambiri ndi kusonyeza mphamvu ya zochitika.

kuyambira chiyambi

Turgenev kuchuluka tebulo pamene kugwira naye m'kalasi kusukulu, ndithudi, limayamba ndi mwambo waukulu mu moyo wa munthu wina aliyense - kuchokera tsiku la kubadwa kwake. Izi - poyambira za zotsatira zonse zina. Anabadwa wolemba mu mzinda wakale Russian wa Orel, October 28 (November 9) mu 1818. Makolo a bambo ali pakati pa chakale kwambiri, anthu otchuka cholowa, kamodzi ulinso m'mbiri dziko. makolo akuchikazi komanso sanali amasiyana ndi otchuka, koma anali olemera. Mumve tebulo Turgenev ayenera mulinso limasonyeza banja chisa - Spasskoe- Lutovinovo, omwe anakhala wolemba gwero la chikondi chachikulu kwa Russia ndi kudana mokhudza kwa serfdom.

Childhood ndi unyamata

wolemba Diaries chikondwerero udindo wapadera mu moyo wa Ivan Sergeyevich mayi ake, Varvara Petrovna Lutovinovo. Pamene analemba kuchuluka tebulo Turgenev, mwachidule amatiuza za mkazi uyu kwambiri komanso maganizo n'kofunika. Ndipotu, ambiri a mbali ya khalidwe lake, ndipo ngakhale ambiri a zochitika m'moyo zikugwirizananso ngwazi zolembalemba - ndi mbuye wa "Mumu" Glafira Petrovna a "Nest Noble", Agogo a "Punin ndi Baburin." adzadziwire bambo, nayenso, anasiya mu moyo wa wolemba kukoma chizindikiro. Chifukwa kuchuluka tebulo Turgenev ayenera mwachidule kumuuza za ubale zovuta pakati pawo, chifukwa iwo anapeza chinyezimiro luso mu imodzi yabwino mabuku m'nyimbo - "Choyamba Chikondi".

Maphunziro ndi woyamba masitepe polenga

1827 - ndi tsiku lofunika limene asintha Wambiri Turgenev. Mumve tebulo pazikhalanso chifukwa chaka chino banja wolemba anasamukira ku Moscow. Ndipo patapita moyo khazikika m'njira Manor, ndi njira zake okhazikika bwino za moyo, ndi yaing'ono bwalo la mabwenzi apamtima, maphunziro kunyumba, pali mgonero wa Ivan Sergeyevich kumoyo watsopano - mumzinda waukulu, m'masukulu payekha yogonera komweko, pamene iye anaphunzira kuti maphunziro a ku yunivesite.

1833 - chikuonetseratu ku University of Moscow, 1834 - anawamasulira kuti Petersburg pa wapakamwa dipatimenti nthanthi luso. M'zaka zimenezi, mwana wasukuluyo akuyamba kuyesa yekha ndakatulo ndi sewero. A woyamba wa wotsutsa ake Piotr Pletnev amakhala pafupi wina Pushkina. Kupitiriza wophunzira yonena Turgenev (kuchuluka tebulo izo atakhazikitsa) ali kale kunja, mu Germany, kumene anatumizidwa 1838. Osati nzeru, komanso chiyambi cha zochita za ndale Western, ankadziwa kayendedwe mwapang'onopang'ono chikhalidwe ndi maganizo kupanga yojambula lenileni mu mapangidwe umunthu Turgenev a. Holland, France ndi Italy achititsanso chidwi kwambiri wolemba m'tsogolo. Kuti nthawi ili, ndi chithunzi Turgenev Ivan Sergeyevich anapanga chithunzi cha iye ndipo ankaimira kwa tcheru chanu pansipa (K.A.Gorbunov wolemba, 1838-1839.).

Kuzindikira loyamba

Homecoming, mayeso chifukwa digiri, choti muphunzitse - zonse imagwera pa chiyambi cha 40s lapansi. Turgenev - katswiri wa nzeru za anthu, koma mu Russia ndi Nicholas yoletsedwa. Ndipo kotero Ivan Sergeyevich amakhala boma. Mu 1843 iye anapita kusindikiza ndakatulo "Paracha" - ntchito woyamba woona Turgenev, ndipo kale lili inakonzedwa chodabwitsa khalidwe wamkazi, anapambana dzina mabuku a "Turgenev mtsikana".

Photo Turgenev Ivan Sergeyevich ndi daguerreotype anailemba 1840 mi zaka. Olimbikira, kumvetsera maso, furrowed brows ndi mzere kwambiri pakati pawo zikuonetsa mozama. Chifukwa posachedwapa, mu 1847, nkhani ayamba kutuluka zomwe amapanga zosonkhanitsira, amene anabweretsa kutchuka ndi kuzindikira kuti wolemba - "zina zachidule", "Mumu" ndi ena. Choncho kuti awonetse kuti tsiku pa kutalika kwa nthawi! Pambuyo pa nkhani zonse Turgenev - Insaikulopediya chenicheni cha moyo wowerengeka, dziko moyo fanizo, Kuwulura omwe ndi ovuta wa zamaganizo a munthu wamba Russian.

Lumikizani Spasskoye

Dzina la wolemba atengedwa ndi m'Chibama kwa akuluakulu akhale mboni, ndipo iye anali ku ukapolo ku munda banja mpaka mapeto ya nyundo 1853. Herzen si kanthu wotchedwa nkhani ya Turgenev a "chitsutso cha serfdom." Pa tsoka la wopunduka dzanja, kuwonongedwa ziyembekezo asokoneza moyo nkhani "rasipiberi Madzi" ndi "Ermolai ndi Miller." "Oimba" kukongola Amazing wauzimu ndi luso la anthu chowululidwa ntchito. Zotsatira zimawononga wa serfdom ndi kumvera mu nkhani zonse.

"Mfundo za Hunter" anakhala munthu woyamba chidwi chopereka wolemba akangana osatekeseka ndi manyazi ukapolo. Kotero kuti kukhazikitsa "Hannibal lumbiro", panopa ili Turgenev unyamata wake. Ndi mfundo ina yofunika kwambiri. Mu nkhani izi kale anamva dzanja la Ambuye - woimba bwino zachilengedwe Russian, ndi kalembedwe chodabwitsa, omveka, zomwe ofufuza za amatchedwanso "Turgenev." wina VG Belinsky moyenerera anayamikira ndalama mabuku a wolemba.

"The m'mphepete mnzake chisa"

moyo Turgenev a - kusaka wosatha choonadi, chilakolako kumvetsa "mwachinsinsi Russian moyo wa anthu." Iye ali ndi luso lapadera: muzindikire, kumva maganizo chabe akutulukira wa ganizo chikhalidwe, kuona otchulidwa latsopano kuwonekera pa siteji ya kulimbana ndale komanso, ndi kusonyeza iwo mu ntchito zawo. Pa nthawi yomweyo tiyenera kukumbukira za mfundo maganizo prose Turgenev ndi ndakatulo ya unsembe wake Nkhani. Ndipo komabe - za chikondi.

Mutu wa chikondi ndi mbali imodzi yofunika kwambiri mu mabuku onse a wolemba, ambiri a mabuku ake. Konda limafufuza mtengo wa khalidwe lawo, kugwilizana awo ndi munthu mkulu udindo. Ndi miyoyo za munthu zilembo zake, Ivan Sergeyevich akusokoneza zofunika kuyeza kwambiri. N'chifukwa chiyani tikutero? Mwina, chifukwa moyo Turgenev kusanduka ndithu kwambiri. Polina Viardo, French kuimba, anakhala imasonkhezera wake, maloto mumangire ndi banja lake ndi moyo - ". Mlendo chisa" banja lake ndipo nyumba yake, koma m'mphepete mwa Pakuti iye sanapange. mwana wamkazi ngakhale wolembayo, kubadwa mwa bwalo atsikana ku masiku a ubwana wake, anali m'banja Viardot. Kumlingo moyo wa Turgenev unagawidwa amachepetsa awiri - asanaphedwe Paulina ndi pambuyo. Choncho, 1843 apatsidwe chizindikiro pa nthawi ndi ngakhale mu nkhani imeneyi, mwambo wofunika kwambiri kwa Ivan Sergeyevich.

Cooperation ndi yopuma ndi "Contemporary"

Mumve tebulo la moyo Turgenev iyenera anapitiriza kanjedza monga mu 1850 - chiyambi cha ntchito Nekrasov "Contemporary" ubwenzi ndi mgwirizano maganizo ndi anzeru demokalase: Nekrasov, Dobrolyubov, Chernyshevsky ndi ena. 1855 - kulemba "Rudin" buku, 1859 - zikamera wa "Ichi Nest", 1860 - kulengedwa kwa "Hava"; 1862 - kutuluka kwa "Atate ndi Ana" buku.

Ntchito kuperekedwa kwa anthu - yankho la funso zimene angathe ndipo ayenera kukhala khalidwe panopa, zabwino anthu pabanjapo. Pamaganizo awo ndale komanso a wolemba zinkangokhala olekerera, iye ankakhulupirira kuti moyo mu Russia ziyenera kusintha kudzera kusintha boma ndi Kuukira sanatenge ake ndi chiwawa ndi akuvutika. Literature, makamaka Turgenev anaumirira alibe ufulu wonditcha "Russia kwa nkhwangwa." Luso ogwira ntchito ndi udindo waukulu, chifukwa zimathandiza kuti mapangidwe chikumbumtima anthu. A mantha zisinthe Sindizakubweretsanso chilichonse chabwino kwa anthu. Pa mfundo imeneyi, mu 1860, kugona ndi utsogoleri wa "Contemporary" kukhala wolemba ndi yomangika kwambiri, ndipo mu 1861 anasiya kwathunthu. tsiku lino ayenera kwenikweni lokhazikika kwa kuchuluka lonse yonena za Turgenev.

dziko lina

Poyambira kwa nyengo yatsopano mu moyo wa Ivan Sergeyevich - 1863. Iye anapita kunja kwa France, ali ndi banja lake Viardot, iye amagwirizana ndi mwamuna wake pa TV m'deralo. Pali zolembedwa zinthu zake zabwino lomaliza - buku "Utsi" ndi "Virgin Nthaka," ndi nkhani "Spring Water". Kunyumba, nthawi zina amabwera mu kasupe, poona ndi chisoni kusiya kuda chikhalidwe yakale amazikonda anthu otchuka. Izo zinali kokha mu 1870s, pamene yoweyula atsopano a chikhalidwe kumasulidwa kayendedwe nakhalanso chidwi mwagwirizana pakati pa Wolemba owerenga Russian mu Russia. Akufika Ivan Sergeyevich amalembedwa mwa misonkhano kawirikawiri ndi achinyamata, ulemu pa madzulo zolembalemba, anaitanidwa kuti abwerere kwawo wabwino. Turgenev kuganiza za izo.

"Ndakatulo mu Prose" ndi imfa

Pa zaka 4 otsiriza a moyo wake lolembedwa Ivanom Sergeevichem yaing'ono m'nyimbo ankapenta pamodzi mabuku pansi udindo "ndakatulo mu Prose". Succinct, achidule katswiri, chodabwitsa akuya ganizo, ndi ungwiro wa kulankhula. Achita mtundu wa machimo wolemba, tsikulo munthu, maganizo chimawala mtima, maganizo Turgenev. Mu 1882, wolemba anapeza khate - khansa ya msana. Ndipo August 22, 1883 (September 3) mu Buzhevile anafa. Kumizidwa wolemba mu Russia, mu St. Petersburg. deta izi zinalembedwa pa kutalika kwa nthawi mbiri.