Munich panganoli

mwachindunji, Munich panganoli Iwo akhoza anaitana mmodzi wa akuluakulu zolakwa mfundo yachilendo ya 1930s lapansi. Ndi mgwirizano mgwirizano wa mayiko, zomwe anayambika amagonja ndi, bungwe la ku Ulaya la Nazi Germany, ndiyesera militancy ake, koma zinachititsa kuti mliri wa Nkhondo Yachiwiri ya World.

Utatha ndi kugawa wa Austria ndi Hungary, kuchokera mu 1918 mpaka 1938 Germany opitirira mamiliyoni atatu mafuko kunali pa gawo la dziko latsopano la Czechoslovakia, kumalire ndi malire a dera la mbiriyakale ya Bohemia Ufumu. Iwo anaikira mu Sudetenland. Malinga Natalia Lebedeva, mbiri ya Russian Academy of Sciences ndipo anthu makumi awiri a Czechoslovakia ndi German.

Sudeten German mtsogoleri Konrad Henlein anayambitsa Sudeten German chipani, amene anali ngati nthambi ya Nazi Party ndi kuchita basi mu zofuna za Germany. Ndi 1935, ndi chipani wachiwiri kukula ndale Czechoslovakia. Atangochoka Anschluss (yogwirizanitsa ndi Germany) a Austria, March 28, 1938 Henlein anakumana ndi Hitler mu Berlin, kumene anauzidwa kuukitsa zofunika kwa Czechoslovak boma, lotchedwa pulogalamu Carlsbad. Mwa zofunika - ufulu wofanana ndi Czechs ndi kudziyimira pawokha kwa Germany akukhala Czechoslovakia. Ngati boma Czechoslovak anali wokonzeka asintha kwambiri pankhani ya ochepa German, funso kudziyimira pawokha siyoyenera.

Zolinga za Hitler pambuyo analanda dziko la Austria sitepe yotsatira inali anagonjetsa Czechoslovakia komanso kukhazikitsidwa kwa Wamkulu Germany. Mu May 1938 inali kudziŵika kuti ntchito ya Czechoslovakia Ndipotu ndi magazini kwa Germany. Pa May 20, Hitler akazembe ake zosakhalitsa ntchito unaperekedwa kwa kuukira Czechoslovakia, codenamed Opaleshoni "Grün". Mu lamulo chinsinsi yolembedwa ndi Hitler, masiku angapo, zinanenedwa kuti, kuyamba nkhondo Czechoslovakia pasanafike 1 October.

Boma Czechoslovak ankaganiza kuti France, amene analoŵa mgwirizano anafunika kupulumutsa mu chochitika cha German kuwukira. Soviet Union analinso ndi mgwirizano ndi Czechoslovakia, kusonyeza wofunitsitsa kugwirizana ndi France ndi Great Britain. Komabe, misonkhano angathe Soviet Union akhala ananyalanyaza lonse mavutowo. Adolf Hitler anamvetsa kuti Britain ndi France sanafune nkhondo, koma zimavuta kufunafuna kulumikizana ndi Soviet Union, dongosolo la ulamuliro wankhanza wa mayiko amenewa ankadana kwambiri kuposa Hitler lopondereza mwankhanza.

Mwina pa nthawiyi yokha, Czechoslovakia, omwe anali ndi asilikali amphamvu akhoza kuletsa kuukira kwa asilikali a Hitler. Soviet Union, malinga ndi pangano la 1935, yolembedwa pakati pa maiko awiri, akhoza kuthandiza kuti Czechoslovakia yekha kukachitika kuti sitepe anavomera France.

Pa September 18, Italy azichepetsa Benito Mussolini analankhula mu Trieste, pamene iye ananena kuti Italy kuthandiza yadziko ku Germany.

Nduna British Neville Chamberlain, yemwe anali wothandiza wa mfundo chokondweretsa ndi wankhanza, anatsimikiza mtima ngati, pofuna kupewa nkhondo. Iye maulendo awiri kuti Germany, popanda kufunsira ndi atsogoleri Czechoslovak, Hitler anapereka zinthu zabwino, koma Fuehrer anawonjezera amafuna ankanena kuti zonena za Germany mafuko a Poland ndi Hungary kudzakhala kukhuta.

September 24, kulankhula pa Sports Palace mu Berlin, Hitler m'mawu ake anapereka Czechoslovakia pamaso September 28 cede ndi Sudetenland, mwinamwake Germany anapita kunkhondo.

Czechoslovakia anayamba kusonkhanitsa asilikali ake. Soviet Union ananena wokonzeka ake kuti abwere kwa thandizo la Czechoslovakia. Komabe, Pulezidenti Benes la Czechoslovakia Edvar anakana kupita kunkhondo mosathandizidwa mphamvu Western.

Neville Chamberlain ndi French Nduna Eduard Delade anapita ku Munich kuyankha zofuna Hitler.

Benito Mussolini anapereka Hitler njira yothetsera vutoli: kukachititsa msonkhano ndi atsogoleri a mayiko anayi (UK, France, Italy, Germany), kupatulapo Czechoslovakia ndi la Soviet Union, kuwonjezera mwayi kukwaniritsa pangano ndi kugumula umodzi amene ayenera kuti anali si mokomera Germany.

Msonkhano zikuluzikulu linkadziwika Conference Munich, zinachitika pa September 29-30 mu nyumbayi "Führerbau" (Nyumba ya Mfumu). Bwana anali yokhala anayambitsa ndi Mussolini, monga anatulukira zaka zingapo, dongosolo Italy linakonzedwa ndi a Unduna Woona za okhonda la Germany. Ankhondo a ku Germany anali ndi kutenga Sudetenland ndi October 10, ndipo Commission la International - kusankha tsogolo la madera ena angatsutse. Mosimidwa kuletsa mliri wa nkhondo ndipo pofuna kupewa mgwirizano ndi Soviet Union, Neville Chamberlain ndi Edouard Daladier anavomera kuti Sudetenland apite ku Germany. Nafenso Hitler analonjeza kuti salinso amafuna malo aliwonse mu Europe.

Potsilizira pake, nkhaniyo formalized ku Germany, Britain, France ndi Italy anasaina Munich mgwirizano umene iwo anali kupewedwa ndi mliri wa nkhondo, koma wadutsa pa Sudetenland, Czechoslovakia Germany. Boma Czechoslovak anakakamizika kuvomereza izo. Nevill Chemberlen Eduardu Beneshu anati Britain sadzalowa nkhondo pa vuto la Sudetenland.

Daladier ndi Chamberlain kunyumba, kumene iwo anali anakumana ndi gulu la anthu ankakuwa, kuvutikako kuchepetsedwa kuti nkhondo zitatha. Chamberlain anatembenukira kwa mawu a anthu a ku Britain, kuti 'mtendere mu nthawi yathu. " Koma mawu ake nthawi yomweyo anatsutsa ndi wandale wotchuka Winston Churchill, amene ananena kuti Neville anasankha pakati pa nkhondo, ndi mwa m'nyozo, "Inu anasankha manyazi, ndi nkhondo adzafika." Boma la Britain zinachititsa kuti boma Czech ndi Czech Army, mmodzi wopambana mu Europe, ananena kuti Winston Churchill ndi zina wandale wotchuka, Entoni Iden. Akatswiri ambiri amavomereza kuti Munich pangano, anazindikira kuti mtsutso waukulu ndi kupewa nkhondo asilikali, pafupifupi wathedwa Europe nkhondo zoopsa kwambiri.

Daladier manyazi wonyenga pangano, koma Chamberlain anasangalala kwambiri. Asanachoke Munich, iye walemba ndi Hitler chikalata limatitsimikizira kuti UK ndi Germany adzafunafuna kuti tithetse mavuto kuonetsetsa mtendere m'tsogolo.

Tsiku pambuyo kusaina wa pangano otonthoza Germany linalanda Sudetenland. Policy monga Chamberlain wakhala kunyozedwa chaka chamawa.

Kenako kugawa la Czechoslovakia anali nawo Poland ndi Hungary anali zonena zawo malo. Kutsiriziratu sikapangano Munich, mu March 1939, Germany linalanda kukhala gawo la Czechoslovakia. Dziko unatha. September 1, 1939 Germany atalanda Poland. Nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse inayambika. Only ndiye Neville Chamberlain anazindikira kuti Hitler osadalirika.

Munich mgwirizano wakhala n'chimodzimodzi ndi kulephera kwa appeasement mfundo expansionist wa limati opondereza ngakhale kuti mu njira ina anathandiza kugula nthawi ogwirizana kuonjezera nkhondowo awo okonzeka.