Opaleshoni "weiss, wopangidwa". Monga Nkhondo Yachiwiri ya World

zaka makumi asanu zapitazo, dziko lathu wopyoza mphindi choopsa ndipo akuwononga mbiri ano, mpaka kalekale anasintha chitukuko cha Russia ndi tsogolo la anthu Russian. Koma nkhondoyo kuti wayamba penapake kale mu 1939, pamene boma la Nazi anaganiza popanda chenjezo zachinyengo kuukira Poland. chochitika imatengedwa chiyambi cha Nkhondo Yachiwiri ya World.

Mayikidwe a magulu ankhondo

Mu 1939, mkhalidwe yomangika kwambiri padziko lonse zachitika mu Europe: mzimu wa nkhondo analenjekeka kulikonse, koma mpaka mapeto a chiyambi cha mwachindunji kumenyana palibe adakhulupirira Germany. Komanso, ambiri a anthu England ndi France, maiko m'gulu la Mgwirizano odana lopondereza, kumemeza njira mtendere nkhondo German.

Koma madongosolo Wehrmacht a konse m'gulu pangano lililonse zamtendere, zochita zonse mu Germany kuchokera pachiyambi anali ndinaganiza pasadakhale, ndi zokambirana mtendere ndi mapangano anali kuyenda njira mwa kupatutsa otsutsa tcheru.

mapulani a chipani cha Nazi

zaka kenaka, anthu anatha kumvetsa mmene Wachiwiri World nkhondo ndi kuti chifukwa chake chinali, chifukwa chochitika zinachititsa kuti rearrangement wathunthu wa mphamvu mu Europe ndi dziko lonse.

Ndi kubera Anazi mphamvu mu Germany zofunika anali umalimbana zolinga yekha - chiyanjo cha mtundu German pa ena ndi ulamuliro yekha. Zaka zingapo mwachangu kutsitsimuka chuma dziko apita likukula mofulumira zovuta usilikali, ndipo achinyamata wakula ndaleredwa mu mzimu wa ntchito yekha wa ku Germany pansi.

prehistory

Ndi 1939, Germany anali atafika msinkhu mwachilungamo mkulu wa chitukuko, ndi sitepe yotsatira ya boma lopondereza anali lingaliro la kukula kwa "danga wamoyo" pa ndalama za nkhondo mu kum'mawa kwa Ulaya. Chifukwa cha mfundo skilful ndi woganiza, Hitler anatha kutsimikizira mitu ya France ndi England kuti sakufuna posachedwa kukuza kumenyana mu Europe ndi dziko lililonse.

Choncho mliri wa Poland anayamba mutu Chamberlain ndi France ndi mtundu wa anadabwa, mu Europe mpaka posachedwapa, kuyembekezera bwino zamtendere.

chifukwa boma

Pakati pa Germany ndi Poland nthawizonse zakhala mwagwirizana Kupititsa amanena, kuphatikizapo mayiko ena African. Koma mkangano waukulu kunabuka mozungulira njira Nyanja Baltic ndi mzinda wa Danzig, kumene ku Germany akhala anayesa amanena. Hitler ndi Ribbentrop anakana kangapo sizinathandize Poland kuzindikiridwa zaufulu akuluakulu German, kuopseza Warsaw nkhondo ndi kupatukana wotsatira wa dziko monga iwo wachita ku Czechoslovakia.

Chenjezo sizinayende, Poland wakana mgwirizano uliwonse ndi Anazi. Koma si kudzasokoneza anamuperekeza Hitler: ulamuliro mabwalo a Wehrmacht kale anayamba ndi wokonzeka kugwiritsa msinkhu wina wa ntchito aukali - Opaleshoni "weiss, wopangidwa".

strategy Nazi

propaganda Nazi mwachangu mwiniwakeyo zokhudza vinyo Poland wa n'zothandiza nkhondo, ndi chifukwa cha mikangano dzina lake chakuti Warsaw wakana kubweza German Free City a Danzig.

Plan "weiss, wopangidwa" anapereka mwamsanga ndipo pafupifupi silikulabadira adani dera lonse, chiwonongeko cha zomangamanga ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa ulamuliro wake. Zolinga zimenezi zinakonzedwa ntchito ndege, oyenda ndi thanki mphamvu, komanso gulu lapadera, lomwe ndi udindo wonyenga a asilikali Polish pa zolinga za mphamvu yaikulu German.

Plan Germany akadzaukira Poland anali chidwi tsatanetsatane: asilikali Wehrmacht ayenera adzazungulire mphamvu zazikulu za mdani kum'mwera ndi kumupatsa iye nthawi yolimbikitsa ndipo analamula wa mphamvu yaikulu. Hitler ankaganiza kuti Britain ndi France kuti mumayenda kupita kunkhondo, monga iwo anali adamuwumiriza ndi kale zinasaina pangano mtendere, komabe envisaged kuthekera kutsegula kutsogolo wachiwiri, ndi kuika asilikali pansi General B. Leeb kusamala kukafika kumadzulo ndi France, Belgium ndi Netherlands.

Kufunitsitsa pamagulu kunkhondo

Popeza boma la zachuma ndi ankhondo pa kutaya Germany / Poland, 1939, zotsatira za ntchito Nazi anali pazikhala ndithu. Hitler asilikali apamwamba kwambiri kuposa mdani zipangizo luso. Komanso, Germany anakhoza bungwe yolimbikitsa mwamsanga ndi bwino lomwe Warsaw mpaka mapeto pafupifupi kanthu amadziwika.

Polish asilikali anali otsika kwambiri mu chiwerengero kwa chomwecho kuchokera ku chiyambi boma anaganiza pa kutumizgika mphamvu pamodzi malire pa malo mwachilungamo lalikulu. Chotero yogawa lonse wofooka asilikali, ndipo anaupatsa pachiopsezo kwa adani amphamvu ndi chachikulu nkhonya.

Zifukwa kuukira

Kuyambira pachiyambi, "weiss, wopangidwa" ntchito m'gulu zingapo zoyezera zotenga lakonzedwa chifukwa olusa pa mbali ya Poland. Hitler anauza asilikali ake kuti posachedwapa anapatsidwa chifukwa chabwino inayamba maudani, ndipo kaya lidzakhala ndithu - zilibe kanthu, chifukwa opambana sapatsidwa.

August 31, 1939 gulu la azondi German kumachita ngati Anthu Polish anadzasokoneza m'tauni ya Gleiwitz wailesi, anatenga mfuti angapo n'kumuuza kuti lemba propaganda chinenero Polish ndi Germany. Ndiye iwo anamuwombera anthu angapo anabweretsa. Kenako likukhalira kuti iwo anali atavala ngati zigawenga German.

kuwukira

Poyankha "mokwiya" ya Warsaw m'mawa wa September 1 1939 , zoponya mabomba German anakantha onongani nkhonya angapo zofunikira asilikali Poland, nayenso anayamba zombo adzaukira ndi mphamvu dziko linayamba amanyansidwa chachikulu mu malire.

Opaleshoni "weiss, wopangidwa" tsiku loyambira imatengedwa ngati tsiku loyamba la Nkhondo Yachiwiri ya World, anapereka chiwonongeko mofulumira dongosolo lonse ndege ku Poland, kotero kuukira poyamba tinachita ndege la dzikolo. Kale pa chiyambi cha maudani boma Polish amadziwa kulephera kwa nkhondo, koma pali udakalipo kuthandiza odana ndi lopondereza Mgwirizano, kotero kuti prodolazhalas chitetezo.

Inde zochitika

Ngakhale anadabwa nkhondo ya Nazi magulu odana anali kukana aukali. Zochitika ku Poland mu September 1939 zinachitika ndi liwiro mphezi: akadzawonongedwa Air Warsaw, Hitler tiyeni asilikali pakhomo thanki. The odana sanali wokonzeka kubweza nkhondo, makamaka zigwa malo anathandiza kupititsa patsogolo mofulumira Anazi mu dziko.

Pa September 3, Britain ndi France ayamba kumenyana pa Germany, ndipo, mogwirizana ndi Poland, dziko anayenera yomweyo alowerere nkhondoyo. French asilikali, mpaka anawoloka malire, koma pasanapite nthawi kudzipatula. Choncho ogwirizana antifascist Mgwirizano anaphonya kamphindi kokha pamene alowerere akhoza ngakhale kuletsa pasadakhale Nazi.

Nkhondo kwambiri

nkhondo Border mu Pomerania ndi Silesia idatha kugonjetsedwa kotheratu ndi mthunzi wa asilikali Polish. Plan "weiss, wopangidwa" ndi ndithu wolungama yekha: patapita masiku asanu cha chiyambi cha maudani Germany nayo njira ufulu Warsaw. Wopambana kuukira SS analola kuti agawane asilikali Polish pa ndalama zochepa anamwazikana kuti analibe mogwirizana ndi pakati, osati utheke.

nkhondoyo inapitirira kwa pafupi Warsaw, ndi zokometsera kumenyana chamuna ndipo ngakhale chapamwamba kwambiri wa mphamvu, ndi masiku ochepa anali chitetezo. Koma mbali German ntchito matenda yowononga mpweya, unatha mabomba zoposa zikwi zisanu, kenako likulu anagonja.

kugonjetsedwa

Opaleshoni "weiss, wopangidwa" zinachititsa kuti kugwa wathunthu wa asilikali Polish. Kale ndi September 17, ambiri a mayunitsi Polish asilikali anagonja kapena anatengedwa ukapolo. Koma Ankhondo ovuta kwambiri mpaka October. akazembe Polish ankafuna kuphwanya chitetezo German ndi kupita ku Romania, kumene zinakonzedwa kulinganiza pakati kukaniza ndipo dikirani thandizo kwa lankhondo.

Kukula zinthu oyamba a asilikali a Soviet, pamene Stalin ankaona ngakhale boma la German monga anali ofanana ndi, kuwonjezera pa maiko awiri zogwirizana nonaggression ke, kotero kuti asilikali Soviet analowa m'mayiko Polish pansi napemphera monyenga kuthetsa vuto limati kulephera. nawo Direct Soviet Union mu Polish-German nkhondo sichinayambe umboni, nthawi iyi boma la Russia Wakusankha kutenga wodikira malo.

Ngakhale England kapena France anali pachangu palibe kuyambitsa asilikali awo, kuti ndi kugwa kwa Warsaw, ndipo kenaka, ndi zina m'mizinda ikuluikulu ya boma palokha la Poland unatha. M'miyezi yotsatira anapitiriza ndi zigawenga nkhondo, ndi ena a asilikali anagonjetsedwa anapitiriza kumenyana kale mu magulu ankhondo a Mgwirizano odana lopondereza.

Zimene Britain ndi France

Ndipotu, ngati Wachiwiri World nkhondo inayamba, Chofunika kwambiri, anapitiriza, pali gawo lalikulu la mlandu wa adani - Britain ndi France. Ntchito Polish anali kwa pofuna choyamba Wehrmacht ndi kulanda dera mwa asilikali, kotero Hitler anachita zonse zotheka kuti adziteteze ku yoyamba ya kutsogolo chachiwiri zinachitikira kulowa mu mayiko nkhondo European.

Ndi maboma a Britain ndi France anasaina mgwirizano pa sanali ofuna osankhika lankhondo la Germany ankakhulupirira kuti ngakhale pansi chitukuko akumane Chamberlain sanayese n'komwe kuthandizapo tsopano. Ndipo kotero izo zinachitika: anagwirizana mayiko sanali okonzeka kuti ntchito Chipolishi Hitler ndi masiku ochepa anachedwa chigamulo pa kulengeza nkhondo. Only 3 September Britain mwalamulo adalowa kulimbana fascism, ndi kumbuyo kwake, ndi France, Australia, Union ndi African ndi Canada. US kuti ina kulowerera ndale.

Chilengezo cha nkhondo Germany anali pang'ono kuchita ndi chilakolako zaumunthu kuthandiza anthu Polish, ndi Britain ndi France anali akuda nkhawa za mphamvu kukula kwa Hitler ndi woopedwa mu malo oyamba ndi chilungamo cha m'mayiko awo.

zotsatira

Mamilioni akufa, mazana a mizinda lawonongeka perekroennye malire ndi muzochitika za chikoka - onse uku kwabweletsa nazo Wachiwiri World nkhondo. Germany akadzaukira Poland anali pafupi zoona. Mkubwela kwa Anazi chiyambi cha nkhondoyi anali kokha nkhani ya nthawi. Zinachitikira loyamba la nkhondo wopambana zinayenda bwino kwambiri, boma Nazi kwambiri kukodzedwa malire ake, annexing mzinda wa Lodz, Poznan, Pomeranian, Silesia, ndi mbali ya Warsaw Kielce dziko.

Kuluza ndalama zawo chigonjetso analephera ndi mayiko ena, Soviet Union anabwerera ku Western Ukraine ndi Belarus, Slovakia - m'madera ena m'mbuyomu adachoka Poland pansi mtendere Versailles, ndi Lithuania anapezanso Vilnius dera.

Nkhondo ya Poland, umalimbana chiwonongeko cha ufulu wa boma, gulu la magawo amasangalala ndi yonena ake mphamvu kwambiri, kuti kwakhululukidwa zolinga zonse. Pambuyo chigonjetso cha Germany kamodzinso iye anayesera kuti tizigona England ndi France, kupereka iwo mtendere, koma kukana dziko la kuyankha mosazengereza ndipo anayamba kulimbana mwadongosolo ndi boma lopondereza.