The Grand Duchy wa Warsaw (zaka 1807-1815): History

Warsaw Duchy analipo mu 1807-1815 biennium. Izo analengedwa ndi Napoleon, ndipo ngakhale yokhala ankaona ufulu Ndipotu, kachipangizo la France. Mu nkhani ya kugonjetsa Russian Bonaparte ankati uzidzatenga ufumu, koma mapulani anapita awry. Pambuyo kugonjetsedwa France mwa anagwirizana Warsaw Duchy unagawidwa pakati pa anansi: Austria, Prussia ndi Russia.

prehistory

Kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma XVIII pambuyo kugawa wa Rzeczpospolita mbali ya Poland anali linalanda ndi Prussia. Maganizo a anthu kumeneko kuti boma la German akhala oipa kwambiri. Pakali pano, pamene kum'mawa kwa Ulaya sewero Polish zinachitika kumadzulo kwa World Old anaswa French kuukira boma. Posachedwapa mphamvu, Napoleon anabwera Paris. Asogolera French motsutsa monarchies ena a ku Ulaya, amene anaona kugwa kwa Bourbons kuopseza kuli zawo. Napoleon anapambana ndawala misonkhano. European m'mayiko anagonjetsa, anakonza dongosolo latsopano ndi kukhazikika ufulu wa anthu ofanana ndi amene posachedwapa anaonekera mu France.

Choncho, kwa Poland, amene ankakhala pansi pa goli la ulamuliro yachilendo, Bonaparte wakhala chizindikiro cha chiyembekezo cha kusintha mofulumira. chithandizo French anakumana ndi oimira gulu la bourgeois. chikhulupiriro uyu anali maziko ake, chifukwa Napoleon anali pa nkhondo ndi Prussia, kutanthauza kuti mayiko awiri ndi mdani wodziwika. Aliyense kugonjetsedwa kwa monarchist Mgwirizano mtundu amaganiza ku Poland unakulirakulira. Mu 1806, asilikali Napoleon atalowa Prussia.

French wotanganidwa m'mayiko Polish anapereka Napoleon pansi pa mothandizidwa Commission wapadera zosakhalitsa boma. mutu wake anayamba kulamulira Stanisław Małachowski. The ulamuliro watsopano chinkhoswe zipangizo ndi chakudya la asilikali Polish ndi French. Komanso, Commission zimafika malamulo Prussian ndi kubwezeretsa malamulo lapitalo nthawi ya Commonwealth.

kulengedwa kwa Duchy

Mu 1807, pakati France ndi adani ake yosainidwa Pangano la Tilsit. Malinga ndi chikalata ichi, pali ufulu wodzilamulira wa Prussia Duchy wa Warsaw. Izi latsopano Polish boma anali malo awoawo ku Germany, malinga ndi zigawo II ndi III wa Commonwealth. Komabe, Duchy anali opanda ukhale kwa nyanja ya Baltic. Maganizo Bialystok dera, Napoleon anapereka Russian Mfumu Alexander I.

M'dera la dziko utangoyamba anali mamita lalikulu 101.000. Km. Iwo anakhala anthu okwana 2.5 miliyoni. udindo analandira Gdańsk. Iye anakhala mzinda ufulu (ofanana ndi nthawi ya Ufumu Wopatulika wa Roma) kuyang'aniridwa ndi kazembe French.

Napoleon ntchito

Chongopeka analenga Duchy wa Warsaw inatenga zaka 8 zokha. nthawi izi zinachitika mu nthawi ya Napoleon ndi kupambana wamkulu m'bwalo lonse. Kumene, ngakhale ufulu kungoganiza, ndi Duchy wa Warsaw wakhala Kanema wa France, monga ena ambiri limati kumene wodzilamulira mu Ulaya. Poland anali kum'mawa phata la Napoleonic Ufumu. Mtengo wake kunali mkulu chifukwa amatipeza akuyandikira nkhondo ndi Russia. N'zosadabwitsa kuti 1812 ndi Duchy wa Warsaw anataya katundu yaikulu. ankhondo ake, adatumiza mawu kwa Russia, kunali 100 zikwi anthu. za dziko monga ndende ya asilikali linatsimikizidwa ndi chakuti Napoleon anapereka gawo la Polish katundu boma akumeneko ndi akazembe ake French ndipo adzasonkhanitsa.

Mu July 1807, a Grand Duchy wa Warsaw analandira malamulo yake. Kusaina mwambo zinachitika mu Dresden. Lamulo latsopano zofunika anazindikira kufunika zakudya ndi udindo waukulu wa anthu otchuka Polish. Choncho, Grand Duchy wa Warsaw analandira angapo omasuka malamulo, poyerekeza ndi womulera limati zina European analengedwa ndi Napoleon.

French mfumu kuchotsedwa mphamvu Poland, ndi Jacobins. Zotsatira za phukusi yake inali mu Zakudya panali preponderance m'dziko mokomera anthu otchuka ndi anthu apamwamba. andale Polish akhala kiyi Stanislav Potocki (wapampando wa Bungwe la Boma), Feliks Lyubensky (Nduna ya Za Chilungamo), Tadeusz Matushevich (Nduna ya Zachuma) ndi Yuzef Ponyatovsky (asilikali kulinganiza ndi mtumiki wa nkhondo).

mphamvu

Yokhala, ndi Duchy wa Warsaw anali mafumu. Iwo analowa mgwirizano ndi Saxony. Choncho, Duke anakhala kazembe wa boma la German wa Frederick Augustus I. The mfumu anali ndi ufulu kukonzanso ndi yothandiza Constituion, kusintha kwa Sejm. Iye adzayankha boma.

Zakudya wakhala zipinda ziwiri - seneti ndi kanyumba Ambassadorial. ulamuliro Ichi ndi chifukwa mwambo mbiri wakhala achitetezo wina wa mphamvu ya otchuka (otchuka). N'zochititsa chidwi kuti Warsaw malamulo amatsutsana ndondomeko Napoleonic (monga Westphalian ndi Naples) m'lingaliro kuti amakhazikitsa mfundo ya ntchito, ndi kumusankha nyumba yamalamulo.

Ambiri mbali anthu a Duchy wa Warsaw anatengedwa mu chosintha France. The Senate woweruza, mabishopu ndi Castellan. Onsewo zinali mulingo ofanana. The Senate, mosiyana Posolskaya kanyumba kudzadza malinga ndi zolinga mfumu. The kulankhula (Township) misonkhano kwambiri makamaka munakhala kwa industrialists ndi nzika, si anthu olemekezeka.

A chithunzi cha dongosolo French mu Duchy wa Warsaw anali Bungwe la State. Iwo ankapita ndi mfumu. M'gulu Bungwe la nduna. thupi ili anafola ngongole kuthetsa mikangano pakati pa akuluakulu utsogoleri ndi zachiweruzo. Bungwe la State anachita ntchito yolangiza pa Duke.

Sejm

The Zakudya anali amachititsa misonkho, chigawenga ndi malamulo a mayikowo. Komanso woyang'anira wake anali Ndalama za Duchy wa Warsaw. mphamvu kwambiri yokhudza mfumu kumakhala malamulo nkhani boma komanso ndale. Duke komanso malangizo bajeti. malamulo kusodza zinalembedwa Council boma. Sejm akanangokhoza kukana kapena kumvera. Mu thupi ili mphamvu ntchito ntchito, zomwe akufuna kusinthidwa yakeyake malamulo, koma mu nkhani iyi, mawu otsiriza unali Bungwe la State.

Pa alipo Zakudya za katatu kokha: mu 1809, 1811 ndi 1812. gawo lapitali anali odabwitsa. Zinali ndiye kuti chifukwa cha mfundo imene Sejm anayamba World nkhondo II ndi Duchy wa Warsaw, anali kumbali ya Napoleon. Bonaparte, kudutsa Poland, iye anayambitsa convening ya zokambirana zapadera. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti pa nthawi yomweyo French Mfumu anayamba ndondomeko ya chitsitsimutso cha wogwirizana ndi Lithuania. Ubwenzi Vilnius ndi Warsaw kuzunzidwa komanso Alexander I. The Mfumu Russian anali kuyesa pa Lithuanians mbali yawo, powalonjeza chitsitsimutso wa Grand Duchy. mwanjira ina, koma asilikali watsopano wa Commonwealth sizinachitike. Tsogolo la wotsimikiza pangano Poland, ndi nkhondo pakati France ndi Russia. Kulumikizana ndi Duchy wa Warsaw ndi Congress wa Vienna m'mbuyomu asiya lingaliro la Union Chipolishi Chilituyaniya.

boma

Duchy a boma inkakhala atumiki 6: mkati, chilungamo, chipembedzo, zachuma, apolisi ndi asilikali. Likadali mu Warsaw. Mu nkhani iyi, Achisaxon kalonga ankakhala Dresden. Pachifukwa ichi, pakati pa iye ndi boma wakhala mkhalapakati. Komanso pokambirana zochita kwambiri, onse m'banja ndi mu mfundo yachilendo, mawu otsiriza zinatsalira kwa anthu French.

Komanso, ntchito za boma m'manja mwa Council boma. mtumiki sadalira pa Sejm. Aliyense dipatimenti anali monokratnym boma. M'mawu ena, utsogoleri wolowezana malamulo anachita mtumiki mwininkhani m'munda wake. atumiki ake sanathe kutsutsa zochita za bwana wake. lofunika kwambiri mautumiki osiyana apolisi ndi zochitika mkati. Iwo anali kuyang kukonza dongosolo mu boma. Mu zochitika mwadzidzidzi, mtumiki wa apolisi akhoza ngakhale ntchito yapadera awo olondera.

anthu

Pamodzi ndi kusintha ndale mapangidwe a Duchy wa Warsaw wapereka Poland ndi malamulo wachibadidwe latsopano. Malinga womulera Constitution, mfundo za kufanana kwa anthu onse pamaso pa chilamulo enshrined. Ngakhale gulu m'magulu si anathetsedwa, izo ndinasintha okha. Kale chisankho choyamba kwa Sejm ndi misonkhano kulankhula anasonyeza kuti nzika (wamba) anatha kungotenga anawapatsa Kuvota ufulu.

Komabe, mu 1808 lamulo chinaperekedwa, nkhonya amphamvu udindo wa Ayuda. Iwo yochepa (zaka 10) akhala okha ufulu. Mu malamulo atsopano, Ayuda anali kupempha chilolezo boma chifukwa ukwati. Anthu achiyuda anali asamagwire kuloŵa usilikali, koma m'malo ake kwambiri zedi.

M'mayiko ena ambiri European, n'kofunika kukhala oleza mtima wamba funso. The Duchy wa Warsaw analengedwa mu Poland, pamene pali akalipo serfdom. Boma latsopano anathetsa kudalira ang'onoang'ono a m'mudzimo. Komabe, alimi kwenikweni amakumana m'dzikolo anakhala olemekezeka. Zitani ndipo icho sichikanakhoza akuyendera mpaka kumapeto. Zonse nkhondo Napoleonic anachititsa m'chiwonongeko ndi impoverishment amakhazikitsa minda. The wosamwerana madzi pakati pa anthu wamba ndi olemekezeka yekha kuonjezera chaka.

Kugonjetsa Austria

Kupita ku kudzuka mfundo Napoleon Mulungu, Duchy wa Warsaw anapita ku nkhondo mosalephera ndi adani a mfumu French. Mu 1809 anayamba nkhondo ya Coalition Chachisanu. Panthawi imeneyi, France ndi ogwirizana wake akukumana ndi Austria, Britain, Sicily ndi Sardinia. Ambiri a magulu Polish m'gulu la asilikali a Bonaparte. The Duchy anakhalabe thupi Yuzefa Ponyatovskogo (14 zikwi anthu). Asilikali Austria anaukira Saxony ndi Duchy wa Warsaw, amene vuto la kufalitsa mphamvu Napoleon anaoneka mosavuta.

Mu Poland izo litalanda asilikali 36000th. April 19, 1908 kunachitika nkhondo - nkhondo ya raszyn. Zitsulo analamula Yuzef Ponyatovsky, ndi Austrians - Archduke Ferdinand Karl. The kugunda zinachitika pa marshland akhakula. Zitsulo kumenyana zovuta, koma potsiriza anabwerera. Warsaw anapatsidwa posachedwa. Komabe, kumayambiriro ambiri m'mwezi wachisanu Mgwirizano nkhondo inali ya Austrians kugunda mmbuyo. Patangotha masabata ochepa Zitsulo counterattacked, anabwerera m'dera lonse adachotsa ndi, kuwonjezera, anatenga Sandomierz, Lublin, Lviv ndi Kraków. Kumapeto kwa nkhondo, monga mwa mtendere pangano, Warsaw Duchy kuti alumikiza kumadzulo wotchedwa Galicia, motero nthawi theka kuchuluka m'gawo lake.

Nkhondo ndi Russia

Pa mliri wa nkhondo pakati France ndi Russia, ndi Duchy wa Warsaw (1807-1813) kunapezeka kukhala gawo lotetezedwa pakati pa adani zikuluzikulu ziwiri. Mu June 1812 ndi Seimas, kupezeka mu Warsaw, anaganiza mbali ya Napoleon. Mfumu ya French imene ikuchitika Russia anagwa. Atapitirira kum'mawa ndi theka miliyoni asilikali, anabwerera kwawo ndi akapitawo zikwi zingapo ovutika ndi njala.

kugonjetsedwa Napoleon kunatanthauza oyambirira mapeto, amene anali kuyembekezera Grand Duchy wa Warsaw. nkhondo ya m'mayiko a Polish. January 1, 1813 mizati atatu polimbana Mikhail Kutuzov anawoloka malire mtsinje Neman kupita kwa Polotsk. The Duchy nthawi iyi anali ochepa Polish ndi Achisaxon asilikali, amene sanathe kulimbana ndi kusuntha amene wabweza asilikali Russian. Mu Poland, anayamba ndawala wake wotchuka yachilendo inatha kudya Paris.

January 27, anali mwamtendere anatengedwa Warsaw. Ndipotu duchy unatha. Mbali ya Zitsulo Komabe, anakhalabe okhulupirika kwa Napoleon. 15000th Corps molamulidwa ndi Yuzefa Ponyatovskogo kumanzere Austria mu chiyembekezo kuti French akadali kupambana Russian ndi ufulu wa boma adzakhalanso. Mu Poland, anakaniza yekha mayunitsi anaima pa Vistula French. Komabe, iwo sakanatha kusiya mdani - anati uchete wa Austria ndi Prussia, amene anaganiza kuti mupewe mkangano.

chiyembekezo chakuti

Pamene Napoleon anagonja komaliza, mphamvu wopambana anakumana ku Vienna kuti aone tsogolo la World Old. The French Mfumu redrew malire onse mu Ulaya - tsopano mafumu ena amayenera disentangle izi chisokonezo ndale. Mu malo oyamba, izo ndinkakhala nalo kugawa wina wa Poland. Iwo coexisted ndi mphamvu zitatu zamphamvu (Austria, Prussia ndi Russia) safuna linakhalapo.

May 3, 1815, malinga ndi chigamulo cha ku Congress wa Vienna, ku Eastern Europe anakhazikitsa malire atsopano. Panali kugawa la Poland - Warsaw Duchy linathetsedwa. Kraków, gawo lakale izo, analengeza mzinda ufulu ndi dongosolo Republican ndale. Mu mtundu uwu analipo mpaka 1846.

Ambiri mwa Duchy wa Warsaw anakhala gawo la Russia. Mfumu Alexander analengeza ndi mfumu Polish. magawo atsopano adampatsa kudziyimira pawokha ndi owolowa manja malamulo. Choncho, ngakhale Duchy wa Warsaw linali gawo la Russia, mbadwa zake moyo womasuka kwambiri makamaka Russian. mayiko a azungu anathetsa boma anapatsidwa Prussia. Iwo anapanga latsopano German m'chigawo - Grand Duchy ya Poznan.