Ndi kholo miyala Kodi

Nthaka - thupi lanyama limene anapanga chikoka kuphatikiza za nyama ndi zomera, mbali mtunda, nyengo ndi anthu ntchito m'mafakitale kumtunda kutumphuka dziko lapansi. Mu chikhalidwe cha moyo wa munthu ndi dothi zofunika kwambiri. Kwenikweni ndi chikhalidwe cha kukhalapo kwa zomera ndi nyama, kachiwiri - popanda munthu chabe akanafa ndi njala. Choncho, nthaka, monga mankhwala a moyo, nthawi yomweyo ndi kukhalapo ndi chitukuko cha moyo padziko lathuli.

Nthaka - ndi ŵakwenera njira yopanga mu ulimi. Onse selhozdeyatelnost munthu zochokera ntchito izi. Mbewu likukhudza chivundikiro ili ngati sing'anga kukula chomera, Nyama - monga maziko ulimi wa chakudya ng'ombe. Kwa alimi ali ngati chinthu kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu.

Makampani lonse ulimi mu njira ina zogwirizana ndi ntchito wosanjikiza chapamwamba kutumphuka lapansi. Choncho zopindulitsa kwa ntchito yake ayenera kukhala osachepera chidziwitso zoyambirira za katundu wa zikuchokera, mapangidwe ndi kufalitsa dothi.

mapangidwe nthaka

ndondomeko ndi zovuta: thanthwe makolo ndi n'kukhala zinthu zimasiyana choyambirira, osati mwa maonekedwe awo komanso katundu wawo. zinthu zazikulu nthaka bwino - ndi kuthetsa zamoyo pathanthwe kholo. Pakuti kubalana lokhalamo zamoyo zimenezi chinyezi ndi mtundu wa chakudya chilipo kwa mawonekedwe ya moyo. Onse zigawo izi zofunika ndizo zotsatira za weathering wa miyala. Nthaka mapangidwe - njira yothandizira, malingana ankachita koyamba thanthwe ndi zamoyo, pogona ake. Anatentha motere.

Mizu ya zomera akhazikika pa thanthwe kuyamwa zakudya kwa izo, kuwachititsa adzauka pafupi pamwamba. Kamodzi chomera akamwalira, zakudya zopezeka iwo, lowa boma yam'manja. Pa ndondomeko imeneyi, gawo la chuma yagwa pansi otaya mpweya mumlengalenga, gawo lina uyikidwa ku zigawo chapamwamba miyala, ndi lachitatu adanyamulidwa zomera latsopano.

Decomposing, zomera kupanga humus - zovuta mankhwala a zinthu organic. humus ichi, amasonkhana mu zigawo chapamwamba miyala, akuupereka katundu watsopano ndi mitundu ndi mtundu mdima. Limodzi ndi mapangidwe humus ndi mu ndondomeko ya kuwonongeka.

Humus mapangidwe ndi chiwonongeko, komanso kudzikundikira zakudya mu zigawo chapamwamba nthaka, watchedwa kayendedwe ka kwachilengedwenso zinthu - akamanena za ndondomeko nthaka mapangidwe. Ndi makope izi thanthwe wosabereka amakhala chonde.

sayansi yamakono ukugawa waukulu nthaka-n'kupanga miyala pa chiyambi siyana zingapo. Aliyense wa iwo ayenera kuonedwa payokha.

diluvium

Mtundu wa miyala kholo monga moraines zosiyanasiyana - waukulu, amene waikamo m'madera kale panali glacier, mapeto anapanga m'mphepete mwa glacier, ndipo pambali, ili pa mbali ya lilime pa mtundu m'zigwa za glaciation.

Ziribe kanthu mtundu wanji mwina ndine moraine, iwo adzakhala madipoziti changati chimwalacho mtundu: mchenga loam, mchenga, dongo, loam - m'mawu, anthu omwe chiwerengero kulemera zili boulders osiyana. Looseness azinji a awo ali makamaka mu moraines owonjezera dongo amakhala ndi yaikulu.

Glacial madipoziti zimapanga reliefs wapadera, makamaka drumlins, ndi zina yotsiriza Sea.

kulowerera gawo

Izi miyala nthaka-kupanga amatchedwa madzi glacial. Dzina limeneli analandira chifukwa anapanga chifukwa cha madzi oundana anasungunuka. madipoziti Zimenezi yozungulira moraines pansi ndi osatha, nthawi zambiri toyalana iwo. Izi ndi chifukwa kusamutsidwa mwapang'onopang'ono glacier. Fluvioglacial mapangidwe melkovalunnyh kapena zigwirizana mchenga ndi miyala madipoziti kupanga glacial ankadziwana eskers zitunda ndi ziboliboli zina, ankalemba munda kenako mchenga nsangalabwi.

Miyala imeneyi yodziwika ndi kalasi mkulu wa chuma, lamination yeniyeni pa kukondera, amene Mwachibadwa otaya madipoziti madzi.

Dothi n'kupanga miyala ya mtundu uwu amaphatikizidwa ndi loam ndi layering pafupifupi yosalala. Akatswiri akukhulupirira kuti madipoziti loamy anapanga ndi mumapezeka yaing'ono glacial madzi. Kapangidwe awo ndi wandiweyani, viscous, ali ndi kulocha chikasu. Mtundu wa zili si khalidwe la boulders.

Makamaka kuphimba loam kufalitsidwa ku madera okulira, Kugonera moraine, kumene pafupifupi nthawi zonse, ndi demarcation bwino.

Mu zikhalidwe zomwezo zachilengedwe akhoza anakumana loess ndi loam. Mipweya ya kholo miyala ya mtundu wa loam ndi ofanana ndi chophimba, koma amasiyana carbonate.

Makamaka, madipoziti izi chonde otsika nthaka. Kupanda manyowa, zimene zakudya, otsika chinyezi wokhutira zakuthupi patsogolo kwa chotsatirachi. Education nkhani matendawa, ndi, clays podstelennyh, ndi waterlogging m'dera pang'onopang'ono, kumabweretsa mfundo yakuti mu malo awa anapanga kholo nthaka-n'kupanga miyala dothi podzolic. Dera mkulu chinyezi angathe kukhala bog-podzolic.

Lacustrine-glacial madipoziti

M'chipululu cha miyala kholo anapanga ndi chitayiko nyanja kuti unadzaza dera m'munsi a mpumulo pafupi oundana a. Pankhaniyi, advantageously wapezeka horizontally-magawo tepi dongo, koma nthawi zina timapunthwa pa mchenga ndi mchenga loam ndi asanawonetseredwebe pafupifupi yopingasa stratification.

madipoziti alluvial

gulu izi zikuphatikiza madipoziti amene anapanga m'zigwa mtsinje, ndi pakamwa pa mtsinje chigumula. madipoziti awa ndi layering osiyana. Mitundu kholo zinthu mtundu pamene madipoziti alluvial kudzadalira chilengedwe, zikuchokera akhoza mchenga, dongo, loam ndi zina zotero. D.

madipoziti lacustrine

Yodziwika ndi kusapezeka kwa tepi layering chibadidwe nyanja-glacial formations. Kuwonjezera apo, iwo makamaka mawu a nyanja mabeseni osiyanasiyana mapangidwe.

madipoziti Lacustrine-alluvial

Monga dzina lake likunenera, gulu lina ili monga miyala ya alluvial mtundu ndi nyanja. madipoziti awa anapanga mu otsika cha mitsinje, mitengo. Makamaka wamba m'madera a kusefukira kwa madzi pafupipafupi ndi aakulu mu kasupe. Kugwiritsa chinyezi macheka yaitali stagnation wa madzi kumabweretsa maonekedwe a mtundu dongo madipoziti nyanja. Chonde kholo chuma katundu wa mtundu uwu ndi otsika. Mu dziko lathu, m'madera ambiri m'dera la Western Siberia, Polesie ndi zina zotero. N. aumbike mwa mtundu uwu wa madipoziti.

madipoziti proluvial

Pansi tanthauzo limeneli m'dambo zoyenera anapanga zosakhalitsa wotsikayo kuchokera m'mapiri. Chuma madipoziti izi unsorted ongokhala gravelly, mwala ndi zinthu changati chimwalacho. miyala amenewa amapezeka pa m'tsinde mwa phiri: ngakhale gorge yaing'ono monyadira kwambiri kuchuluka kwa offsets. Merging, zinthuzi amapanga Piedmont kumveka gulu. Nthawi zambiri iwo ndi phindu kwambiri - chitsanzo omveka izi ndi Mzere pamodzi Kopet Dagh.

Amadziwika, monga akhoza kumva, proluvial madipoziti ndi zimakupiza woboola pakati kapena mbewa zakufa. Zikuchokera proluvium osiyanasiyana. Pafupi ranges phiri ndi ambiri gravelly schebenchatye maphunziro, m'malo yosakongola. Patsogolo kuchotsedwa phiri umagwiritsidwa, ang'onoang'ono matabwa ake. Pa mtunda kwambiri kwa phazi la proluvium ndizo mchenga ndi loam.

madipoziti eluvial

Dothi n'kupanga miyala ya mtundu uwu anapanga ndi weathering a dongosolo thanthwe, amakhalabe malo.

Potengera zikuchokera thanthwe chachikulu ndi khalidwe ikuwombedwa akhoza adzaweruzidwa mtundu wa kapangidwe ndi mafuta. Pamene katundu makhalidwe osiyanasiyana mankhwala achilengedwe kungakhale chachikulu zidutswa za miyala kapena dongo yosalala mankhwala. Mountain nsonga ali olemera mu mitsinje thanthwe, pamene m'zigwa ndi chinyezi alimbane ndi madipoziti dongo.

Eluvium yodziwika ndi kusinthitsa pang'onopang'ono za miyala ndi kusiyana zazing'ono mineralogical zikuchokera m'dambo makolo ndi kuti maphunziro.

madipoziti deluvial

Waukulu nthaka-n'kupanga miyala ndi a mtundu wa miyala ya mitundu thanthwe. Iwo kwambiri kumayambitsa eluvial, pokhala zoona, linasokoneza mapiri ndi mvula kapena meltwater eluvium.

Ndimapanga miyala ya mtundu umenewu ndi kalasi ndi chidwi stratification. Nthawi zambiri, zigawo ndi kufanana pamalo otsetsereka a phiri. Nthawi zambiri zigwirizana particles glinoobraznyh. Luso kudziwa lalikulu miyala zinyalala ndi laling'ono kwambiri.

madipoziti otere zili m'malo kuchepetsa mpumulo, pafupi ranges phiri kapena m'tsinde.

madipoziti Eluvial-talus

Nature eluvial ndi madipoziti talus kuti m'madera ambiri ali umakhala pafupi. Ndi dongosolo limeneli, kuzindikira kumene mtundu wina wa chitayiko limayamba komanso limatha ndi mzake, ndi kovuta kwambiri, mwinanso kosatheka. Akatswiri anaganiza kuti miyala kholo Pankhaniyi adzatchedwa eluvial talus. Iwo nthawizonse zili m'madera a mapiri ndi malo ndi mtunda mapiri.

madipoziti aeolian

Mapangidwe madipoziti izi zonse kugwirizana ndi kudzikundikira ntchito mphepo.

Ndithudi aeolian madipoziti ndi miyala ya mchenga amene amapanga malo a chipululu ndi theka-zipululu. nyumba izi kulenga reliefs kuzindikira - milu. Ndi iye mosaphonyetsa monga chiyambi cha mtundu kwa mtundu Eolian.

M'madera Hrs zosagwirizana ndi zipululu, nawonso azindikire mtundu wa miyala kholo. Zikuphatikizapo milu ya chiyambi zosiyanasiyana: nyanja, mtsinje, chokhala. akalumikidzidwa awa anapanga ndi madipoziti mchenga, lotembenuzidwa kale, pamene nyengo anali osiyana, kapena mu ndondomeko perevevaniya lero - ndondomeko kaŵirikaŵiri zimenezi zimachitika mchikakamizo cha zochita za anthu. Kuwonjezera pa morphological katundu eolian mafunsidwe amasiyana zina zonse layering opendekera ndi mkulu kusanja.

loess

Izi quaternary n'kupanga miyala zatenga kwambiri pa dziko lathu. Steppe a kum'mwera ndi kum'mwera chakum'mawa pafupifupi m'litali lonse imakhala loess ndi loess ngati loam. Izi mitundu ya miyala ndi mbali zapadera: friability, palibe stratification, porosity. Kusiyana zofunika kwambiri pakati pawo - mu zili mkulu ya magnesium ndi calcium carbonate.

m'dambo m'madzi

M'madzi n'kupanga miyala ali makamaka ankaimira Russia mu ya Caspian maganizo. maphunziro awo chigawo ichi zinachitika pa kulakwa lotsiriza la Nyanja Caspian. madipoziti izi zili pano mu mawonekedwe a wandiweyani clays chokoleti platy, mchenga zina. Nthawi zambiri, miyala awa ndi amenewa amphamvu. Komanso, madipoziti m'madzi khalidwe la Ocean Arctic.