Ndi magwero mbiri zimene: Zitsanzo ndi mitundu ya magwero

Ndikuwerenga mbiriyakale, muyenera kudziwa kuti kwenikweni zinachitika pakati pa mwambo womaliza ndi chithunzi wonenedwa mabuku a mbiri yakale, pali m'khalapakati kwambiri. Gwero mbiri. Mwachidule, kuphunzira aliyense wa m'mbiri amayamba okha ndi kuwerenga makalata onse kupezeka kwa nthaŵi imeneyo. Kudzera mwa zikalata m'nthawi kapena amene amadziwa za imeneyi ili nthawi, khalidwe retrospective kukhazikitsanso zochitika zikhoza unachitikira.
Chotero kodi ndi magwero mbiriyakale zomwe zimadalira kwambiri? Tiyeni tikambirane funso lofunika kwambiri ili mwatsatanetsatane.

matanthauzo zoyambirira

Kotero kuti zikuphatikizapo maganizo "magwero a m'mbiri"? sayansi akhoza wotchedwa onse kupulumuka umboni zakale, kuti ife tikathe kupereka cholinga chithunzi zimene zinkachitika. Kumene, pali zambiri classifications osiyana deta ya mtundu umenewu, akufuna ndi mbiri yakale zoweta ndi achilendo ndi ofukula. Choncho kodi maganizo a ofufuza otchuka, magwero m'mbiri? Tanthauzo la ena mwa iwo adzapatsidwa nkhaniyi.

Mwachitsanzo, Ln Pushkarev limafotokoza mitundu zotsatirazi:

• Umboni wa mtundu olembedwa.
• weniweni magwero mbiri.
• Information kuwapeza zotsatira za kafukufuku ethnographic.
• miyambo Oral amene adutsa pansi ku mibadwomibadwo.
• Umboni chinenero.
• Film ndi chithunzi amafotokoza.
• Recordings. Izi magwero mbiri (ndipo gulu lawo komanso) ndi watsopano, koma zimatipatsa mwayi woti amve mawu a anthu amene asankha tsogolo la dziko zaka zingapo zapitazo!

Gawo Schmidt

Kutatsala nthawi yathu, mu 1985, S. O. Schmidt amasonyeza gulu penapake mwatsatanetsatane, ndilandire ntchito mitundu ndi subtypes. Kodi n'chiyani chimasiyanitsa ndi magwero m'mbiri? Khama la mitundu, ife azipereka pansipa.

1. Mofanana yapita, umboni woti nkhani zosiyanasiyana awo: kuchokera ziboliboli ndi zinyalala m'nyumba anapeza zofukulidwa.
2. Sources zokhudzana ndi luso zithunzi:
a) The mafilimu (ndi filimu kujambula);
b) likutipatsa (nsalu zokha ayi, yosavuta zina zachidule);
c) The likutipatsa-achilengedwe (zithunzi za yachokera wamba banja).
3. magwero a mtundu wapakamwa:
a) m'kamwa magwero a mbiri yakale, kuphatikizapo m'zilembo onse ndi mitundu mitundu chinenero;
b) nthano kuphatikizapo miyambo yosowa imapezeka m'madera ena;
c) onse zipilala olembedwa a lothandiza, amene iwo akhoza mbuyako cholinga chilichonse kapena analenga; Mwachidule, mndandanda malamulo zipangizo akhoza kupereka chithunzi zambiri woona ndi mabuku a dziko kuposa buku wovomerezeka mwalamulo kapena amafotokoza; ndi mtundu womwewo wa nkhawa ndi shorthand.
4. ochiritsira mbiri magwero a chidziwitso. Linanena, amanena kuti asayansi ndi akatswiri asayansi ndi okhulupirira nyenyezi, chidule chuma, ndi zina zotero. D.
5. khalidwe zambiri. Zikuphatikizapo osati miyambo ndi zikhalidwe za osatukuka, koma ngakhale kampani ndi ena miyambo ya anthu masiku ano, kuti mizu yake kubwerera ku zikhulupiriro achikale.
6. Sound. Ndi mtundu uwu wa deta ndi bwino: ndi aliyense nyimbo olembedwa a nthawi zakale.
Ndicho chimene magwero a mbiri yakale, mu nkhani za tanthauzo sayansi akuti. Koma palibe ngakhale mfundo yodalirika sangapereke chilungamo ulaliki wa kafukufuku zimene zinachitika ngati sangathe bwino ntchito nawo ndi kuwamasulira iwo.

Tiyenera kukumbukira kuti magwero mbiri ndi gulu lawo - komanso m'malo yosokoneza lingaliro. Monga latsopano maofesi yosungirako ndi kufala kwa mudziwe, mndandanda onsewa kukodzedwa ndi kusintha malamulo. Zimenezo ndi zimene ali magwero mbiri.

Kodi kulabadira yopezera zambiri kwa bukuli?

Pamene ntchito umboni uliwonse wa zaka muyenera kukumbukira mphindi ziwiri zofunika.

1. Zofunika! sayenera kumwedwa ngati gwero la nkhokwe ya mayankho okonzeka. Mudzapeza amachita mfundo zofunika ndi zonse zimene mungathe kukhala ndi kugwirizana ndi mfundo anu alipo pa dzanja. Pa nkhani imeneyi, tikhale zolemba zofunika kwambiri ndi mawu a statisticians wamba ndi anthu osunga nkhani zakale zomwe, ngakhale akuoneka ake "umphawi", mumakhalanso zambiri zothandiza. Izi magwero mbiri ndi mitundu ya townsfolk anapereka "mapepala achabechabe" ngakhale nthawi zina alidi wapatali!

2. Palibe musatenge mphamvu cholinga chinyezimiro cha dzikoli analengedwa ndi munthu amene ali ndi mfundo zawo. Iyi ndi fundo yofunika kwambiri, amene nthaŵi zina analekerera, ngakhale akatswiri odziwa ndi otchuka!

Osati kuti sizinatheke pa mfundo yomaliza, tiyeni tione. Tengani nkhondo wotchuka Aleksandra Nevskogo ndi asilikali a Sweden. Choyamba, kuti ngakhale a mbiri yakale Russian kukayikira zenizeni zimene zinachitika, ngati chifukwa kuti yachokera Swedish palibe umboni olembedwa pa nkhondo.

Mwina amakonda chete za nkhaniyi. N'zotheka kuti olemba zoweta (a "kuti yochokera kumwamba", monga iwo aliri tsopano amakonda kunena) chabe anapereka mizere ya skirmish mtanda malire monga nkhondo amunamuna. Chirichonse chimene icho chinali, koma nthawi zonse ofunika kuti afufuze magwero operekedwa ndi onsewo.

Komanso, m'masiku m'deralo (ndipo kawirikawiri Europe) kawirikawiri ndi mawu akuti "mdima". asilikali mdima, atumiki mdima, mdima Makwangwala Olimbana kumenyana ... Kodi zonsezi zikutanthawuza chiyani? Mukayamba ku tumens Mongolian, ndi "mdima" amatanthauza chiwerengero cha asilikali 10 000. Ndipo zimene anali pa nkhondo womwewo ndi asilikali a Sweden, pamene mtsinjewo unali "mdima" a sitima zawo kubwera zombo zonse za nthaŵi imeneyo? Nkomwe. Apa ife timabwera ku mbali ina - kumasulira.

pa kumasulira

Kumbukirani kuti magwero mbiri zitsanzo za zimene takupatsani ndipo pano, amene adalenga munthu, nthawizonse kuthamangitsa ena zolinga zambiri odzikonda. Kudziwa zolinga za kuti lankhosa wolemba, mukhoza kuphunzira zambiri za nyengo za m'mbiri. Kunena mwachidule, magwero onse ayenera kutanthauziridwa molondola.

mawu Izi zikutanthauza n'kuyesayesa zimene ndendende wolemba kuika muchilichonse cholankhulidwa mawu ndi mawu amene ali pa ntchito yake. Mu kutanthauzira kwambiri, pali mbali zitatu zofunika.

1. Choyamba, gwero mbadwa ya zili. Nthawi zonse muyenera tikuyandikira mbiri yakale n'zofunika, konse mawu sanakhulupirire malipoti omwe anapatsidwa kumeneko.

2. Ngati pokonza bukuli anali mkhalapakati (transcriber womasulira), m'pofunika kulabadira mawu ake ndipo kutanthauzira (ngati). Kumene, mu nkhani iyi, n'kofunika kuganizira khalidwe la zowonjezera amenewa, potsata ziyeneretso za mkonzi.

3. Potsiriza, luntha lako ndi kutanthauzira kwa gwero.

Zikatero, wofufuza amapita mwachindunji ku kusanthula deta yake alipo. Nkofunika kwambiri kuti athe kuyang'ana pa zochitika zimenezo kupyolera pamaso pa anthu, amene chi anali mbadwa kwathunthu. kafukufuku idzapereka tanthauzo zawo zodalirika gwero tizidalira mfundo zathu komanso kutha kuwatsatira kuteteza udindo wawo pamaso pa asayansi ena.

Kumbukirani kuti magwero aliyense wa m'mbiri zitsanzo za zimene inu kubweretsa, ayenera kukhala osati mawu, komanso zalembedwa!

Nkofunika kwambiri kuti awulule maziko a chikalatacho, kudziwa za, mwachindunji kapena ayi, malinga ndi wolemba "pakati pa mizere". M'pofunika kuganizira mbali zonse ndi kutanthauzira zotheka mawu opezeka gwero. Kukhala kosavuta kumvetsa, ndikuganiza za "Opium a anthu."

Kodi mayanjano mawu amenewa angachititse munthu ano? Okha zoipa. Nthawiyi, kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma otsiriza, heroin chogulitsidwa pharmacies monga "madontho chifuwa", ndipo ngakhale bongo kwa nthawi wakale ankaona pafupifupi painkiller waukulu angathe kupweteka kulikonse. Inu mukuona kusiyana kwake? Choyamba Gwero ali padera mu mawu awa zosiyaniratu kufunika panopa.

kaphatikizidwe

Pokhapokha kutolera mfundo zonse mungathe kuyamba zambiri ntchito yawo ku mapeto. Zonsezi amatchedwa kaphatikizidwe. Izi ndi chinthu chofunika kwambiri, chifukwa ngakhale ambiri zoona zenizeni, zolondola ndiponso odalirika mudziwe akhoza chili anapezazo onse, zomwe zinayenera kuchitikanso.

Masiyanidwe a magwero, malingana ndi nthawi zakale

Tisaiwale kuti magwero ndi kukonzedwa mu nthawi zosiyana za mbiri, kunyamula amaonekera kwa m'badwo uliwonse. Ndipo ichi si mawu zophiphiritsira chabe, monga nthawi zosiyana za mbiri Analeredwa njira ina monga kuphunzira ndi kutanthauzira chikalatacho.

Mwachitsanzo, zikalata 17 ndi zaka 18 angathe kusiyana ndi munthu aliyense kapena zochepa ophunzira, monga kusintha zochititsa chidwi anati kalembedwe awo.

Choncho, pa nthawi ino kwambiri kumawonjezera chiwerengero cha umboni zopelekedwa, koma zili ya aliyense wa iwo mwachuluka chosavuta. Koma chofunika kwambiri n'chakuti pa nthawi ya maonekedwe loyamba magwero moona yaikulu ya nkhani imene kale kukhudzanso pa zigawo za anthu amene anatenga nawo mbali pa chitukuko cha dziko lonse. Komanso, zaka amenewo, zimangochitika ku maganizo zamakono ziwerengero ndi zikalata zochita zachuma.

Onse magwero zakale, magulu zimene ife tafotokozazi, osati mokwanira odalirika, komanso cholinga kwambiri, kuti zakhala zikuchitika - frustratingly kawirikawiri pali kuchotserapo.

Periodicals ndi utolankhani anali pa nyengo imeneyo chikoka mwinanso kuposa mabungwe onse okhudzidwa mu Kukwezeleza malingaliro ena. Umayamba ambiri monga magwero munthu, Maulendo ndi biographies. Izi ndi zofunika kwambiri chifukwa cha mfundo zimene tikhoza kuona ndondomeko kukhazikitsa umunthu yeniyeni ya nthawi ngati zimenezi, kusunga kusintha worldviews awo.

Russian chododometsa

Mwachitsanzo, olemba mbiri ena amanena kuti imeneyi amakezana magwero mbiri 13-14 zaka dziko athu anaphunzira kumene magwero yabwino oyambirira ndi m'ma m'ma 20. Komabe, palibe paradoxical za izi si wangwiro.

mavuto athu onse Mphamvu waona kusintha atatu, anayi nkhondo yaikulu (osati kuwerenga zenizeni kuchuluka kwa zochitika wamba) zaka zana limodzi. Zonsezi zinachitika mu ulamuliro wa mabungwe asanu boma kuti anapambana mzake. Musaiwale za kusintha kwambiri chuma, zomwe kwadziwika ndi nthawi ino, kapena kusintha Stolypin, ngakhale pomanga chomwecho Krasnoyarka HPP zaka zimenezo mophweka analibe analogues kunja.
Kumene, mu zaka Soviet Union waukulu nkhani ndi mfundo zosiyanasiyana ndi malipoti a Komiti chapakati cha CPSU. Izi magwero mbiri (olembedwa ndi filimu ambiri ndi chithunzi amafotokoza) ndi kuwonetsa kuchuluka awo onse. Zinali ndiye, ndipo amabisa zovuta: kuti "view kunja" akatswiri a mbiri yakale ambiri kupeza mwayi kwa US Library of Congress , ndi mabungwe zofanana, monga iwo anasonkhana nambala yaikulu zikalata, amene wasenza ndi mamembala a onse boma lakale tsarist, ndi losavuta alendo. Nkofunika kudziwa kuti ndimakumbukira "yoweyula woyamba" kulekanitsidwa ndi anthu amene anathawa dziko mkati ndi pambuyo Civil nkhondo ndi phukusi Western, kuti apite naye.

chakuti mu 1905 anasiya dziko Anthu ambiri kutali akuthwa mu kukumbukira kumene mungapeze zolosera mokwanira mwatsatanetsatane ndi cholondola cha kugwa kwa ufumuwo. Mu 1918-1924 mu Old ndi New World anasamuka osati kokha nthawi kuthawa mamembala a m'banja lachifumu ndiponso anzeru, komanso mbali wakale wa dziko Bolsheviks, amene ali ndi maganizo a dziko mwapadera Chrixitu.

zikalata zomwe zili zofunika kwambiri phunziro?

Ndimadana kuvomereza, koma mpaka pano, asayansi ambiri ndi kusakhulupirira ena ndi kukayikira zochita malamulo, zipangizo ofesi, periodicals. Komabe, chimodzimodzi ziriri za chilendo chakuti Maulendo ofufuza ambiri zazindikirika pafupifupi vumbulutso kuchokera kumwamba, choonadi mtheradi. Maganizo - kulakwitsa kochuluka, chifukwa cha zomwe muli zolakwitsa zambiri mbiri ndiponso zolakwika zosiyanasiyana.

zinthu zimenezi yakale komanso mitundu ayenera nkani ndiponso tione mwatsatanetsatane nkhani iliyonse!

Ngakhale kuti Maulendo ayenera kuonedwa ngati chinthu zopelekedwa, ngakhale mtundu wanyimbo kwenikweni, Kudziwa awo nthawi zina nkhani yaikulu. The Skorzeny chomwecho mu Maulendo Ake mwakachetechete pakuonetsa "zolinga zabwino" wa Nazi ku Germany, koma ndikukhulupirira iyo ili pa zovuta osachepera.

chokumbukira mtundu wanyimbo

Chokumbukira - mlandu yosiyaniranapo. Mapale Nthawi zambiri kwambiri kumanganso chochitika mbiri yakale, akamaganizira maganizo a anthu nthawizina kwathunthu mwachisawawa. Komatu sikuti zonse ndi mophweka, chifukwa komanso mu chokumbukira kawirikawiri anthu kufalitsa dziko lawo ku mawonedwe cholakwika dzanja, ngati si kanthu za mfundo zambiri.

Mwachidule, monga Maulendo ndi kukumbukira - ndi zikalata mwangwiro m'maganizo, amene ayenera kusonyezedwa kusamala pazipita ndi diso loipa. Izi si drawback, Komano, pophunzira zinthu zimenezi, mukhoza kulenga chithunzi zoona za makhalidwe a nthawi zakale. Ndithudi, inu muli silingakhale adzatha kuchita Khadili otere, kuphunzira zipangizo malamulo.
Chotero kodi ndi magwero a mbiri yakale, kulankhula za Maulendo a? Monga momwe ali wapatali ndi odalirika?

Pa kusanthula olondola a Maulendo

Chirichonse chomwe icho chinali, Maulendo Ake kawirikawiri opereka zambiri, omwe ananyalanyaza - zenizeni kupusa. Nthawi zambiri, munthu woonamtima, yemwe analemba iwo mosavuta kutsimikizidwa ndi kuyerekeza makhalidwe a zaka ndi olembedwa.

Nkofunika ndi malongosoledwe a chinthu: Munthu kapena zinachitika pamaso pa (kapena zaka) mboni. Malongosoledwe a kanjedza ayenera anapita mosamala makamaka, kuyambira mfundo zimenezi wamangidwa kukhala kwambiri m'maganizo, koma zochitika (makamaka zimene anthu anali panalibe ubale mwachindunji) nthawi zambiri anafotokoza ndithu kwambiri. Ndiyeno, kodi kukhala munthu njira kuphunzira Maulendo a?

Choyamba n'kofunika mukudziwa za munthu amene analemba nawo. Kumene, ndi bwino kugwiritsa ntchito magwero osiyanasiyana, ndipo ngati n'kotheka - "moyo" kukumbukira moyobe a m'nthawi yake. Yotsirizira kwambiri makamaka kuyambira pafupifupi ndithu adzalola molondola kudziwa woyambitsa wa ntchito mu njira ya zochitika: mbadziwa kuti iye akhalidi osayanjanitsika zowonjezera kapena kuwatengera kukutsogolerani.

Komanso, ayenera kukhazikitsa njira zonse zotheka kwa kudziwa mlembi. Nthawi zambiri, kuti mwa njira imeneyi anaulula abodza moona amene anayesa kulanda n'kukhutira wa m'nthawi wotchuka ndi zochepa wotchuka.

Kwambiri chochitika wapatali n'chakuti ntchito zikalata zofunikira zokumbukira lapansi. Mwachitsanzo, njira imeneyi ndi khalidwe wa lodziwika bwino Wrangel. Ambiri mwa mfundo nyengo irretrievably anataya pamfundo, kotero kuti zinthuzi kukhala chabe transcendent phindu.

Pafupifupi onse mofanana kwenikweni, ngati ife kambiranani za mwana lodziwika bwino kwa P. A. Stolypina, zimene zikugwirizana ndi ntchito mapepala onse pa ntchito m'dzikomo, amene apangidwa ndi bambo ake. Komabe, ngati Wrangell m'gulu sungalephere sheya awa okha, ntchito mu Maulendo a mwana wake Stolypin ife ngongole ya yofalitsa "Contemporary", omwe ankaona kuti mapepala izi Ndithu chidwi owerenga olimbanawo. Monga mukuonera, amene akufalitsa ndodo nyumba anali mwamtheradi zolondola.

Tikumbukenso kuti kufufuza mu maonekedwe ena ndi ena wakhala nawo malo: .. Ngati pali waika lonse yothandiza dziko mu nthawi yathu, mu nthawi lamavutoli, Zapakati, ndipo kotero m'Chibama kwa akuluakulu yabwino chifukwa choopa kuti moyo wake. Choncho, onetsetsani kusunga nthawi imene ili kapena chikalata ina - nthawi wolemba anatchula ena mphindi wamba, koma nthawi zonse (ndi nkhani) amagwanso iwo mobwerezabwereza, kupanga allusions ena kuti mfundo yake ya view.
Potsiriza, pamene ndi amene analemba memoir? Ngati munthu kutenga kukumbutsidwa za tsikulo, amene anatsogolera nthawi, kapena wapangidwa chokumbukira mabuku amenewa, mfundo zimene iwo ananena, angaikhulupirire. Ngati woyambitsa Maulendo linalembedwa mu ukalamba, nthawi zambiri iwo angathe kuchizidwa monga zosiyanasiyana zopeka. Khalani limasonyeza kuti anthu kuiwala oposa 90% ya nkhani, aliyense vitwalo wapatali kale patapita zaka ziwiri kapena zitatu zokha.

Ndicho chimene magwero mbiri. Tikukhulupirira kuti kuwerenga nkhaniyi zothandiza kwa inu.