Tanthauzo la absolutism. Mapangidwe absolutism, zochititsa

mabuku ambiri mbiri kupereka pafupifupi tanthauzo womwewo wa absolutism. dongosolo ndale anatuluka mu mayiko ambiri European XVII-XVIII zaka. Iwo amakhala ndi mphamvu yekha wa Mafumu, zomwe si kuchepetsa bungwe lililonse boma.

Mbali yaikulu ya absolutism

The tanthauzo la makono a absolutism anali kukonza mu zaka za m'ma XIX. Mawu amenewa anali m'malo mwa mawu akuti "dongosolo wakale" umene chronicled ndi French dongosolo boma pamaso Great zisinthe.

Bourbon mafumu anali mmodzi wa zipilala waukulu absolutism. Ndi kulimbitsa achifumu mphamvu kulephera limapezeka pa matupi malo-nthumwi (a States General). Autocrats idaleka kukaonana ndi ziwanga, ndi kuyang'ana mmbuyo pa maganizo a anthu pa nthawi ya nkhani zofunika.

Mfumu ndi nyumba ya malamulo ya England

Mofananamo anapanga absolutism ku England. Medieval feudalism sanapereke boma kuti muzigwiritsa ntchito chuma chake ndi mphamvu. Mapangidwe absolutism ku England anali kumva ndi nkhondo ndi nyumba yamalamulo. Izi mndandanda wa akuluakulu anali kale.

Stuart mafumu m'zaka XVII, anayesetsa kuchepetsa kufunika yamalamulo. Chifukwa cha ichi, mu 1640-1660 gg. dziko nkhondo yapachiweniweni. Against mfumu anapanga bourgeoisie ambiri a wamba a. anali olemekezeka (barons ndi zina eni apamtunda) kumbali ya Mafumu. English Korol Karl Ine anagonjetsedwa ndipo pamapeto pake anaphedwa 1649.

Ngakhale 50 Patapita zaka anapanga United Kingdom. Mu federations - England, Scotland, Wales ndi Ireland - yamalamulo waikidwa zotsutsana Mafumu. Mothandizidwa ndi thupi woimira zofuna zawo akhoza kuteteza amalonda ndi nzika wamba. Chifukwa azilandira ufulu wachibale wayamba kuchira chuma. Britain wakhala mphamvu yaikulu apanyanja mu dziko, kulamulira madera anamwazikana padziko lonse.

ophunzitsa English m'ma XVIII anapereka tanthauzo lake la absolutism. Kwa iwo, unakhala chizindikiro cha nyengo makedzana ya Tudors ndi Stuarts, imene mafumu anayesetsa m'malo yekha boma lonse.

Kulimbikitsa ufumu mu Russia

Russian absolutism m'ma anayamba nthawi ya ulamuliro wa Petra Velikogo. Komabe, preconditions kwa zodabwitsazi anali inachokera pa atate wake - Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich. Pamene Romanov mafumu anayamba kulamulira, yofunika kwambiri mu moyo wapoyera ankaimba Boyar Duma ndi Zemsky Sobor. Kuti mabungwe awa kumanganso dzikoli atachokako mavuto.

Alex ali anayambitsa ndondomeko zothetsa kachitidwe kakale. Kusintha zikugwirizananso ndi chikalata waukulu m'nthawi imeneyo - Council Code. Chifukwa cha zimenezi malamulo a mutu wa olamulira Russian anali Kuwonjezera "autocrat". Mawu lasinthidwa osati mwangozi. Kuti Alexis anasiya convening Zemsky Sobor. Mugawo izo zinachitika mu 1653, pamene anaganiza pa reunification la Russia ndi lamanzere gombe Ukraine pambuyo nkhondo bwino ndi Poland.

M'nyengo ya Ufumu wa Russia zinachitika malamulo mautumiki, omwe chimakwirira limodzi kapena dera lina la ntchito ya boma. Mu theka lachiwiri la m'zaka XVII, ambiri mwa mabungwe linali m'manja yekha wa autocrat lapansi. Komanso, Alexis wakhazikitsa dongosolo la zochitika chinsinsi. Kuyang'anira yake zochitika zofunika kwambiri aboma, komanso polandirira msonkho opempha. Mu 1682 izo kusintha achotsa dongosolo parochialism umene malo ofunika kwambiri pa dziko anagawanika pakati olemekezeka monga otsata awo kuti banja zabwino. Tsopano kopita mwachindunji amadalira chifuniro cha mfumu.

Pankhondo ya mpingo ndi boma

Policy absolutism anathamangitsa Alexis, anadza pa kukana mwamphamvu Mpingo Orthodox, amene ankafuna kanthu zochitika za boma. Mdani waukulu autocrat anakhala mabishopu, Nikon. Iye akufuna kuti mpingo osadalira pa nthambi za, komanso ena a mphamvu zinapatsidwa kwa izo. Nikon kukangana nawo mlandu chifukwa chakuti kholo lakale, iye anati, woimira Mulungu padziko lapansi.

The apogee mphamvu anadzakhala kholo la kupeza mutu wa "wolamulira wamkulu". Ndipotu amuika pa maziko wofanana ndi mfumu. Komabe, kupambana Nikon anali sakhalitsa. Mu 1667, Bungwe Church anamuvula udindo wake ndi ku ukapolo. Popeza kuti panalibe wina yemwe akanakhoza ndikutsutsa mphamvu ya autocrat lapansi.

Peter Ine ndi autocracy

Pamene Peter Wamkulu mwana Alexei mphamvu ya mfumu Enanso mphamvu. Old mabanja boyar inalangidwa zitachitika, pamene Moscow apamwamba anayesa kulanda mfumu pampando wachifumu wa mlongo wake wamkulu Sophia. Pa nthawi yomweyo chifukwa cha nkhondo yoyamba ya ku mpoto Baltic Nyanja, Peter anayamba kusintha kwambiri okuta mbali zonse za boma.

Pofuna kuti iwo zosavuta autocrat kwathunthu kuikapo maganizo mphamvu mu manja ake. Adakhazikitsa bolodi, anayambitsa rositala kuchokera zikande walenga makampani wolemera mu Urals, wapanga Russia kwambiri Ulaya. Zonsezi adzakhala amphamvu kwambiri kwa iye ngati anatsutsa boyars ndiwofatsa. ankaikonda The anaikidwa ndi nthawi inasanduka akuluakulu wamba chopereka ang'onoang'ono bwino mfundo yachilendo ndi zoweta Russia. mfumu ya kukamenyana osankhika ndiwofatsa zina anapeza anecdotal mawonekedwe - umene uli yanthaŵi yekha wa kudula ndevu ndiponso kuletsedwa malaya akale!

Petro anabwera kwa absolutism, chifukwa dongosolo anampatsa ulamuliro zofunika kusintha womveka wa dziko. Iye anapanga mpingo gawo la makina boma ndi kuika Sinodi ya Orthodox ndi kusintha, motero analanda atsogoleri mwayi umabwera ngati gwero zina mphamvu Russia.

Catherine II mphamvu

The lothandiza pamene absolutism ku Ulaya anafika pachimake, nkhani theka lachiwiri la m'zaka XVIII. Mu Russia, mu nthawi iyi malamulo Ekaterina 2. Patapita zaka zingapo, pamene St. Petersburg yachifumu coups zinachitika nthawi zonse, anakhoza pogonjetsa osankhika opanduka ndi kukhala akulamulira yekha dziko.

Features wa absolutism mu Russia kwagona kuti boma anadalira kalasi ambiri oona - anthu otchuka. Izi stratum mwayi wa anthu mu ulamuliro wa Catherine akalata Maluso. Mu bukuli, ufulu onse amene anali otchuka anali anatsimikizira. Komanso, nthumwi zake sayeneranso usilikali. Poyamba, anthu olemekezeka, analandira udindo wa dziko zaka anakhala mu nkhondo. Tsopano ulamuliro umenewu mmbuyomu.

Olemekezeka chiyani saletsa mu uchimo ndale ndi mpando wachifumu, koma zonse zakhala mtetezi wake mu nkhani ya ngozi. Mmodzi kuwaopseza awa anali kugalukira kutsogoleredwa ndi Emelyana Pugacheva mu 1773-1775 biennium. Kupanduka kwa amphawi anasonyeza kufunika kwa kusintha, kuphatikizapo kusintha zokhudzana serfdom.

ŵakusanga absolutism

Zaka ulamuliro wa Catherine Wachiwiri (1762-1796) zinachitika pa nthawi ya zosayembekezereka wa bourgeoisie mu Europe. Awa anali anthu omwe akwaniritsa bwino m'bwalolo capitalist. Amalonda anafuna kusintha ndi ufulu wa anthu. Makamaka noticeable mavuto anaonekera mu France. Bourbon ufumu, komanso Russian Ufumu, anali chilumba cha absolutism, kumene zochita zonse zofunika atengedwa okha wolamulira.

Pa nthawi yomweyo, France anali malo anzeru wamkulu ndi nzeru ena monga Voltaire, Montesquieu, Diderot, etc ... Awa olemba ndi okamba akhala anayambitsa mfundo za choonadi. Iwo zochokera freethinking ndi rationalism. Ku Ulaya, liberalism anakhala yapamwamba. Za ganizo la ufulu ankadziwa Ekaterina 2. kubadwa anali German, kotero anali kuyandikira ku Ulaya kuposa onse amene analipo m'mbuyomo ake pa mpando wachifumu Russian. Kenako, kuphatikiza malingaliro mwaufulu ndiwofatsa wa Catherine ankatchedwa "ŵakusanga absolutism."

kuyesa kusintha

Chinthu chofunika kwambiri kwa kusintha Mfumukazi Russia anali kukhazikitsidwa kwa bungwe la Zokonza. Anali m'gulu la akuluakulu ake ndi achilamulo anali kukhala kusintha kusodza malamulo zoweta maziko a anali adakali mkulu wa mabishopu "Conciliar kachidindo" 1648. Ntchito ya lamulo kuika olemekezeka, amene anaona kuopseza kusintha awo athanzi. Catherine sanayese n'komwe kupita ku nkhondo ndi nzika za. Zokonza Commission ntchito yake, popanda kukwaniritsa kusintha kulikonse enieni.

Pugachev chiwembu mu ya 1773-1775. osati pang'ono mantha Catherine. Atayamba nthawi zotani, ndipo mawu akuti "liberalism" wakhala lofanana ndi chinyengo ufumu. Mphamvu zopanda malire a mfumu anakhalabe inatenga lonse XIX atumwi. Iwo linathetsedwa pambuyo 1905 zisinthe, pamene analogue a malamulo ndi nyumba yamalamulo chaonekera Russia.

Old ndi dongosolo latsopano

Ndiwofatsa absolutism mu Europe ankadedwa ndi zambiri monga momwe wamba oponderezedwa a zigawo Russian, mothandizidwa Emelyana Pugacheva. Mu France, boma chinalepheretsa ulamuliro wa bourgeoisie otukuka. The impoverishment ya anthu akumidzi ndi mavuto nthawi zachuma, osati anabweretsa Bourbons kutchuka.

Mu 1789 iye inabuka French kuukira boma. Ndiye Parisian aufulu ndiponso magazini satirists anapatsidwa kwambiri kufika ndi kudzudzula tanthauzo la absolutism. Policy amatchedwa kuti akale anali kuchititsa mavuto onse a dziko - kuchokera umphawi wa anthu wamba ndi kugonjetsedwa mu nkhondo ndi kupanda a asilikali. A vuto la mphamvu autocratic.

The French kuukira boma

Kuyambira kusintha anali adani a nzika zigawenga zambiri m'ndende Paris yotchuka Bastille. Posachedwa Korol Lyudovik XVI anavomera kunyengerera ndi kukhala mfumu malamulo, amene ulamuliro wakhala okha matupi womuimira. Komabe sadziwa mfundo zake zinachititsa chakuti mfumu nyerezera kuti athawe kwa royalists wokhulupirika. Mfumu anamangidwa pa malire ndi mlandu, amene anaweruzidwa kuti aphedwe. Izi zikufanana ndi zochitika pa moyo wa Louis mapeto a mfumu ina, yesetsani kuti zaka - Charles Ine la England.

French kuukira boma inatenga zaka zingapo ndipo inatha mu 1799, pamene pambuyo kulanda boma anayamba kulamulira, wofuna kutchuka mkulu Napoleon Bonaparte. Zisanachitike, mayiko a ku Ulaya amene absolutism maziko a dongosolo boma, anagamula kuti nkhondo pa Paris. Mmodzi mwa iwo anali Russian. Napoleon anagonjetsa coalitions onse, ndipo anayamba kanthu Europe. Pomaliza, iye anagonjetsedwa, chifukwa chachikulu chinali linalephera mu nkhondo ya 1812.

Mapeto a absolutism

Mkubwela mtendere Europe anapambana anachita. Limati ambiri kuti adzathe kukhazikitsa absolutism. A mndandanda mwachidule m'mayiko amenewa akuphatikizapo Russia, Austria-Hungary, Prussia. Cha m'ma XIX, panali ziwembu zingapo za anthu kukana mphamvu autocratic. The lodziwika kwambiri poto-European zisinthe a 1848, pamene mayiko ena anapita ku zokambirana za malamulo. Komabe absolutism potsiriza anatitimira mu anaiwalika pambuyo yoyamba ya padziko lonse, pamene iwo anawonongedwa pafupifupi onse maufumu chokhala (Russian, Austria, German ndipo Ottoman).

Dismantling wa kachitidwe kakale zinachititsa kuti kuphatikiza ufulu wa chibadidwe ndi kumasulika - chipembedzo, Kuvota, umwini, etc. Kampani walandira levers latsopano la boma, zofunika kwambiri umene unali chisankho ... Today pa malo a mafumu akale mtheradi ndi mtundu limati ndi dongosolo Republican ndale.