Dongosolo Monetary zanyengo.

Pakali pano, palibe boma malamulo m'dziko sangaonekerenso popanda dongosolo la ndalama. dongosolo Monetary ndi zanyengo ndi unit wa kufalitsidwa ndalama ya chuma dziko m'banja, lomwe linakhazikitsidwa m'zaka zisanu za mbiri pabvomelezo wotsatira wa malamulo a boma. Chachikulu kusiyana pakati pa kachitidwe ndalama m'mayiko osiyanasiyana ndi ndalama konsekonse.

Pakali pano, dongosolo la ndalama ndi zinthu ake anapanga mitundu zosanjidwa, onyamula amene ali zachitsulo dongosolo ndalama, zochokera ndalama weniweni (siliva, golide, pulatinamu ndalama, etc.) ndi kachitidwe ka ngongole ndi pepala kufalitsidwa (ndalama chigawo m'malo chizindikiro kufunika ). Ndiyeno mtundu wa zitsulo za dongosolo lonse chuma igwera mu bimetallism ndi monometallism.

Bimetallism yodziwika ndi ntchito ziwiri mfundo ofanana ndalama - siliva ndi golide. Mtundu wa dongosolo ndalama opareshoni zaka XVI-XVIII, pamene panali ufulu Ndalama malire chiwerengero cha ndalama ntchito mitundu iwiri ya zitsulo. Mtundu uwu wa dongosolo ndalama kwachititsa kusinthasintha mu mmene chuma chikuyendera mu msika, chifukwa ntchito zitsulo ziwiri amachititsa kusinthasintha mu ndondomeko mtengo kwa katundu. Choncho, mu chitukuko cha bizinesi, yomwe inkafuna khola kufalitsidwa ndalama, zikubweretsa kusintha umodzi monometallism. Monometallism yodziwika ndi ntchito kokha zitsulo (siliva kapena golide), monga ofanana ambiri. Ndi chitukuko cha mtundu wa monometallism golide dongosolo ndalama anapeza kusintha yokulirapo ogaŵikana golide ndalama, bullion ndi golide kuwombola muyezo. Gold ndalama muyezo ankagwiritsa ntchito momasuka dziko, koma inaletsedwa mauthenga kunja malonda. Kumapeto kwa nthawi yoyamba yapadziko lonse, mfundo imeneyi yayimitsidwa chifukwa kuchepekedwa lakuthwa zitsulo chifukwa ndalama asilikali. Pa ake m'malo mwa bullion golide ndi mfundo golide kuwombola. Izi mitundu ya anasonyeza kuwombola banknotes kwa golide bullion kapena mawu (ndalama ndalama zakunja malipiro), zimene zingathe umasinthanitsidwa golide. Komabe, mfundo zimenezi kuti sinyamuka pambuyo mavuto padziko lonse zachuma, zomwe zinachititsa kuti kumayambiriro limodzi dongosolo pepala-ngongole ya chithandizo. dongosolo zachokera pa nkhani ya banknote wamba mu dziko. Dongosolo ndalama ku Germany ndi chitsanzo chabwino cha chitukuko mbiri ya kufalitsidwa ndalama.

dongosolo lonse ndalama ndi zinthu zake unakhazikitsidwa mu 1944 pa msonkhano wa Monetary ndi Financial Conference wa United Nations Organization mu United States mu Bretton Woods, komwe anaganiza kuti atchule yapakati boma golide kuwombola muyezo. Iwo anali atagwirizana ndi kuliika malamulo:

• Gold anamuzindikira monga njira yokhayo ya mawerengedwe pakati pa maiko awiri, kuchita ntchito ndalama dziko, ndipo ankagwira ntchito muyezo kuwunika chuma chikhalidwe.
• Dola ndi mapaundi chabwino - pamodzi ndi ntchito golide pa chuma dziko ndalama US ndi wagawo British polima.
• Khazikitsa phindu msika wa golide unakhazikitsidwa pa maziko a mtengo boma la United States.
• ndalama National akhoza momasuka umasinthanitsidwa ndalama zambiri ku Banki yaikulu ya dzikoli, ndipo kenako mu golide. kuwombola Izi zinathandiza kuti n'zotheka midzi Multilaterial pakati pa maiko awiri.

Chifukwa cha kufooka kwa malo kunja msika US chifukwa zikutha m'mayiko nkhokwe za golide dziko, dongosolo lonse ndalama ndi zigawo zake, zomwe zinali zochokera miyeso yolinganizira a dola, anavutika bankirapuse. Mu malo ya dollar anabwera malo ndalama - chizindikiro German, ndi SDR, ECU ndi yen Japanese, ndi mtengo dola ya golide wakhala mwalamulo zimafika.