Mbiri ya St. Petersburg ndi yochepa. Mbiri ya kulengedwa kwa St. Petersburg

St. Petersburg - umodzi mwa mizinda yosangalatsa kwambiri ku Ulaya, yomwe imatchedwa Northern Palmyra. Mutha kulemba mabuku onse, ndikufotokozera momwe likulu lachiwiri la mphamvu linakhazikitsidwira. Chosangalatsa kwambiri ndi mbiri yonse ya St. Petersburg. Yesani mwachidule kuganizira izo.

Nkhondo ya Kumpoto

Nkhondo ndi mfumu ya ku Sweden Kahl XII, yomwe inadzatchedwa kuti North, inakonzedwa ndi Peter I kutsegula mpumulo wa Russia ku Nyanja ya Baltic, kutanthauza kuti "kudutsa pawindo ku Ulaya", yomwe tsar-reformer imafuna kwambiri.

Pamsonkhano wotsirizawu, kupambana kwakukulu kwambiri kunapindulidwa, omwe a Russia adakondwera nawo: pafupi ndi Narva, Shlisselburg komanso, Poltava. Pambuyo pake, Peter adatha kupambana nkhondo yomaliza mu 1721 ndipo adakwaniritsa mwayi wopita ku nyanja ya Baltic.

Kodi mbiri ya kulengedwa kwa St. Petersburg ikugwirizana motani ndi zochitikazi? Izi zifotokozedwa mwachidule pansipa.

Mapulani omanga nyumba yatsopano

Tsar Peter Ndamvetsa kuti dziko la Russia likusowa kusintha kwakukulu, komanso kumadera onse, kuchokera ku kayendetsedwe ka zipangizo zamakono. Koma sakanatha kumvetsa koma kuti atazunguliridwa ndi anyamata mu chisa chawo chakale, Moscow, sakanatha kusweka kwathunthu maunyolo a maziko oyambirira. Kotero, ngakhale kumayambiriro kwa ulamuliro, iye anatenga lingaliro la kumanga likulu latsopano, kuchokera kumene iye sakanati azilamulira kale ufumu wa Russia, koma Ufumu wa Russia.

Pambuyo pake, Peter anapita ku Holland ndipo adakali ndi chikhalidwe cha ku Ulaya, choncho adafuna kuti likulu lake likhale lokha kumadzulo kwa dzikoli.

Mu 1703, Peter I anagonjetsa dziko lakale la Russia , lomwe nthawi ina linagwidwa ndi a Swedeni. Panthawiyo, dziko lino linali litatchulidwa kale mzinthu zachi German - Ingermanlandia.

Apa ndi pamene Petro adaganiza zomanga likulu lake latsopano. Choncho anayamba mbiri ya zaka khumi ndi zitatu za kukhazikitsidwa kwa St. Petersburg. Izi zifotokozedwa mwachidule pansipa.

Dzina la mzinda

Monga tanenera kale, Peter ndinapita ku Holland ali mnyamata, kumene adaphunzira bwino kumanga zombo, adziwa chilankhulo chapafupi, ndipo chofunikira kwambiri, chinali chikhalidwe cha ku Ulaya. Anakondwera kwambiri ndi Ulaya kotero kuti ku Russia anayesera kukonza zonse mu Ulaya, adayambitsa malamulo atsopano, anakakamiza anyamatawo kudula ndevu. N'zosadabwitsa kuti adayesanso kupanga likulu lake latsopano ngati Amsterdam, mzinda wa Dutch.

Mzindawu unatchulidwa kuti ulemekeze woyera mtima wa mfumu - mtumwi Petro. Mwachibadwa, dzina lake adapatsa likulu lake ku zikhalidwe zachi Dutch - St. Peter Burkh. Mbiri ya St. Petersburg inagwirizana ndi dzina limeneli chaka cha 1914 chisanafike. Mwachidule za zomwe zinachitika ndi chifukwa chake dzina lasintha, mudzapeza patapita kanthawi.

Foundation ya St. Petersburg

Zaka khumi ndi zitatu zatha kuchokera pakuyika mwala woyamba wa nsanja, yomwe inatchedwa St. Peter-Burkh, mu 1704 mpaka 1717, pamene mzindawo unakhala mzinda weniweni wamphumphu. Panthawi imeneyi, zomangamanga zinkachitika makamaka ndi anthu wamba ogwira ntchito. Peter nayenso adalimbikitsanso ntchitoyi, popeza adayamba kugwira ntchito ndi nkhwangwa kuyambira ali mwana, ndikuthandiza kumanga zombo zazombo zake, zomwe zidasandulika.

Panthawiyi, mzindawo unali kukula, ndipo Petro adagonjetseratu: mu nkhondo ndi pomanga. Koma mtengo wake weniweni unali St. Petersburg. Mbiri ya mzinda idzafotokozedwa mwachidule ndi ife patsogolo.

Mkulu wa ufumuwo

Kotero, St. Petersburg inakula kuchokera ku chitsitsimutso chaching'ono kupita mumzinda, choyeneradi kukhala likulu la ufumuwo. Mu 1712, boma lidapititsa patsogolo likulu lawo. Kuchokera ku Moscow anayamba kusamukira ku St. Petersburg magulu osiyanasiyana a boma, maofesi a boma akunja ndi nyumba yachifumu.

Pambuyo pake, mu 1717, ntchito yomangamanga inatha, popeza kukongola kwa likululi kunatenga ambuye enieni a bizinesi yawo, oitanidwa kuchokera ku Ulaya. St. Petersburg zonse zinali bwino. Mu 1725, Academy of Sciences inatsegulidwa apa, zomwe zinapangitsa mzindawo kukhala osati boma komanso chikhalidwe cha ufumu.

Imfa ya Peter I St. Petersburg italeka kukhala malo a dziko lonse lapansi, kutseka kukongola kwa mizinda yambiri ku Ulaya. Inde, n'zosadabwitsa, chifukwa mumzindawu munapanga ziboliboli zazikulu komanso ojambula monga Rastrelli, Bazhenov, Felten ndi ena ambiri omwe ali ndi mayina apadziko lonse.

Mu XIX zaka mzindawo unaphulika mu ulemerero wake wonse. Koma izi siziletsa mbiri ya St. Petersburg. Mwachidule za zomwe zinachitika kenako, padzakhala nkhani yotsatira.

Petrograd: kutha kwa ufumuwo

Mu 1914 nkhondo yoyamba yapadziko lonse inayamba. Ufumu wa Russia pamodzi ndi Britain ndi France zinalimbana ndi Germany ndi Austria-Hungary. Pa chikhalidwe chokonda dziko, funso linayamba chifukwa chake dzina la likulu la Russia linatchulidwa m'Chijeremani. Choncho adasankha kutchulidwanso St. Petersburg ku Petrograd.

Koma dzina latsopano silinathe nthawi yaitali. Mu 1917 panali Revolution ya October, yomwe inawononga Ufumu wa Russia. Pa mabwinja ake panabuka dziko latsopano, USSR. Chifukwa cha kutsogolo kwa boma, boma la Soviet linkaopa kukhala ku Petrograd, kotero mu 1918 adasankhidwa kuti apitenso ku Moscow.

Koma izi sizimathetsa mbiri ya St. Petersburg. Mwachidule za momwe mudatchulidwenso mzinda uwu kachiwiri, mudzapeza zambiri.

Leningrad komanso St. Petersburg

Mu 1924 mzindawo unali kuyembekezera kukonzanso. Linagwirizananso chimodzimodzi ndi imfa ya Lenin, chikhumbo cha utsogoleri wa Soviet kuti apitirize kukumbukira kwake ndi ndondomeko yambiri yokonzanso mizinda yokhala ndi mayina achifumu. Motero, Petrograd anatchedwanso Leningrad. Zomwezo zinali zofanana ndi Aleksandrovsk, Ekaterinograd, Ekaterinburg, Ekaterinodar ndi mizinda ina yomwe ili ndi mayina a Romanovs.

Mu nthawi ya Soviet, mzindawu unataya udindo wake waukulu, koma udakali wachiwiri ndi waukulu kwambiri kukhazikika kwa USSR. Nyumbayi inamangidwa, nyumba zamakono zinatsegulidwa, nyumba zomangamanga zinamangidwanso.

Ngakhale kuti Leningrad ankadziwa zaka zambiri komanso zowawa. Chokhumudwitsa kwambiri, chiwonongeko cha anthu a mumzindawu chinakhazikitsidwa panthawi yozingidwa 1941-1944.

Pomalizira pake, mu 1991 Soviet Union inagawanika. Izi zinapangitsa kusintha kwakukulu m'dzikoli. Koma nthawi ino "kuchokera kumwamba" palibe amene adalamula kuti mzindawu ukhale wotani. Dzina limaperekedwa kuti lizisankha anthu okhaokha. Ndipo mu referendum, anthu oposa 50% a anthu okhala Leningrad adaganiza zobwezeretsa mzindawu ku dzina lake lapachiyambi - St. Petersburg. Ndondomeko ya mbiri ikufotokozedwa mwachidule mu ndemanga iyi. Koma chinthu chachikulu ndi chakuti mzindawu ukupitirizabe kukhala ndi moyo, anthu atsopano amabadwira mmenemo, nyumba zikukumangidwanso, zomangamanga zikukula.