Ndi populists ndani, ndipo kodi ntchito yawo?

Malingaliro a Populists, amene anaonekera mu Russian Ufumu 1860-1910-ntchentche, anaimirira pa kusintha kwa anthu kuti "chilungamo" molunjika kuchokera feudalism kuti sosholisimu, bizinesi kulumpha. Ganizo anali akufuna ndipo anayamba ndi Herzen, Bakunin, Belinsky, Chernyshevsky. Ife anachita motsutsana ndi Marxists. Iwo ankanena kuti akutulukira mu dongosolo Russian zitha kukhala capitalist.

Kwenikweni ntchito populists - ndi mtundu wa mlatho kayendedwe chosintha kwa anthu otchuka (kapena Decembrists) siteji kwa Marxist (ie, proletarian). Komabe, misa sanali atengeke zokopa za zisinthe. Ndipo boma kupondereza quelled GGI. Komabe, anasiya njira yowala kuti akukumbukira mbiri ya Russia. ndi populists ndani, ndipo kodi iwo ali otchuka? Timanena za izi mwatsatanetsatane mu nkhani.

Kupeza choonadi anthu

Ndani populists m'zaka 19? anzeru ichi, anthu wamba, amene anali kufunafuna malo awo mmadera. Iwo zunzika poona kuti iwo akhala wosiyidwayo anthu, nzeru zake ndi choonadi. Anati wamba mwamakhalidwe popitiriratu zawo. Only iwo ndi osaphunzira, paumphawi, amadwala chilungamo. Ndipo tiyenera kukhala pafupi ndi iwo, kutsegula maso awo ndi kulangiza pa njira yoyenera. Mu ichi - udindo wa ophunzira kwa anthu. M'pofunika mwakufuna strata onse chikhalidwe ndi kwa wina yabwino kwambiri.

Komanso kaonedwe yamasika tsiku zokometsera anthu ntchito kwagona pa chikhulupiriro kuti Russia - Dziko abwino. The peculiarity wa ndalama zake - yopanga dziko. Chifukwa ali wapadera, osiyana ochokera m'mayiko ena, njira ya chitukuko. Populists anafuna kukhala yake chitsanzo zachuma, lomwe kuti zigwirizane industrialists komanso wamba wamba. Herzen Mwachitsanzo, analemba za mwangwiro "sosholisimu Russian". Ichi chinali chizindikiro kuti achitepo kanthu.

Chiyambi cha chiphunzitso

Asayansi kutsindika mbiri Mipikisano faceted anali Russian. Ndipo pakati pa magulu ena andale ambiri chidwi kwambiri ndi funso la amene populists nanga nthaka kuti wafunsira zodabwitsazi. N'chifukwa chiyani chanzeru pa Koyamba, njira nawo khoma la kusamvetsa?

Russia mu zaka - agrarian, chammbuyo. Bizinesi ndi underdeveloped. moyo m'mphawi opareshoni dziko kulankhula. antchito membala wogwidwa chiwembu wamba dziko. Society zimatsimikizira iwo ntchito yachibadwa banja, kuonetsetsa ufulu wofanana onse, kuteteza m'mudzimo m'manja a anthu a mumzinda waukulu, akuluakulu.

Patapita, pamene m'mudzi anayamba stratification chikhalidwe, ammudzi wakhala ananyema pa chitukuko cha minda. Pakali pano, iye anali chitsanzo unit wa dziko Russian ndi mtima wa Russian anthu anali malo apadera. Pakuti ili, ndipo anagwira anthu amene analimbikitsa gulu la Populists.

Herzen - wotsogolera wa populism - anaonerera mwachisoni mu Europe zinatha ulimi wa 1848-1849. Iye anataya chikhulupiriro mwa sosholisimu Europe. Poyerekeza m'dziko lake ndi kumadzulo, iye anazindikira kuti sosholisimu mu Russia ayenera choyamba ayendebe. Ndipo si zovuta. Ndipotu, gulu la m'mudzi - okonzeka selo zokomera anthu. Ichi ndi chofunikira yaikulu ya yankho la funso: amene ali populists?

Kulingana komanso chilungamo?

Anthu amene anabwera ku kutetezedwa kwa ufulu wa anthu ovutika, anati maziko a tsogolo chilungamo anthu. Ndipo izo ndi zomveka. Anatinso lonse Russian chikhalidwe zachokera izo. "Kodi Ine Umafuna kufanana ndi chilungamo!" - anafuula Alyosha Karamazov mu buku Dostoevsky a. Izi lathu nthawi zonse mu chimake makamaka, phokoso mu mabuku ndi kukanikizana nyengo ya zaka 1860-1910. Apa, bwinobwino ndani populists mu mbiri, wosiyana kwambiri ku magulu ena chosintha-apamwamba. Choncho, Marxists mutsindika pa Kuyanjana pakathi pa anthu. Ndipo sanali kukumana ndi zolinga za anthu Russian. Ndipotu Marxists inali kutali zenizeni za chikhalidwe Russian. Ife sanawone kuti kwambiri.

Lathu kwa alimi

Kumvetsetsa amene populists, m'pofunika kukumbukira Herzen ndi "zokomera onse Russian." Iye anafotokoza Amaya. Pambuyo yaikulu m'munsi chikhalidwe! Chifukwa cholinga - kuthetsa ulamuliro nzika kuti amasule m'mudzimo ndi ziwembu zawo (popanda malipiro) kulowa boma.

Chernyshevsky ankaganiza kuti dera loyamba anachita udindo wa mbali zosiyanasiyana za ulimi, pamodzi ndi capitalist, ndiyeno pang'onopang'ono m'malo.

Ku boma kuti n'ngopandukira

Muyenera kudziwa mitundu kuyenda bwino bwino amene populists. Panali mumaganiza zazikulu zitatu: kunachitika kapena amakani, owolowa manja, kapena mabodza, ndi anarchist.

Olekerera motsogozedwa ideologue ake P. Lavrov anaganizira za ena apadera, koma osati njira yodutsamo chitukuko capitalist mu Russia. Inde, iwo amatchedwanso kuti kusintha miyoyo ya anthu wamba. Koma m'njira yotani? Reformatory. zofuna zawo - kuwononga zotsala za dongosolo ang'onoang'ono, kuthetsa lalikulu tidakocheza chuma cha landlords ndi kuchita zonse zimene tingathe kuti "zoipa za bizinesi" si atagonjetsa mu Russia. chiphunzitso Marxist iwo ankalidziwa bwino. Werengani ndi ngakhale ikumasuliridwa Russian mabuku onse atatu "Capital". Koma kwa ine ndekha ankaona kuti n'zosayenera.

mantha, chiwawa iwo anakanidwa. Mphamvu kutsogolera mbiri - ndi anzeru. Ndipotu, iye amadziwa ndikuganiza otsutsa. Ndipo alimi sali okonzekera zisinthe. Choncho, tiyenera kuyamba kukonzekera ochirikiza - ndi anzeru. Ndipo anthu amuke, uzani. Koma osati kulera misa kuukira yomweyo. Ndi yaitali ofotokozera ntchito kutsogolera m'mudzimo kuti chiyambi cha zisinthe.

Ndipo munatani kuchita? Ali ndi "chiphunzitso cha zochita zing'onozing'ono." Nthawi zambiri, njira ya populists - ndi Cultural kuunikiridwa mwa anthu.

Mu mpikisanowo anali magazini, mitundu yonse ya mayanjano boma ndi mabungwe, misonkhano ndi Zemstvo matabwa, mwachitsanzo osankhidwa matupi a m'dera wodzilamulira.

Makamaka (mwamsanga 1880-1890) populists anabwera za otchedwa chiphunzitso cha ntchito waung'ono. The nyuzipepala "Mlungu" anditsutsa owerenga kuti nkhani ya luntha ulemu - kuthandiza m'mudzimo. Iwo sakudziwa kuthetsa mavuto amene anaonekera pa miyambo ya kayendetsedwe ka ntchito zachuma. Mukhoza kuthandiza alimi nawo ntchito Zemstvos.

Press anapempha aphunzitsi, agronomists, madokotala, "Pitani m'mudzi ndipo ntchito munthu kusintha miyoyo ya anthu." Magazini "Russian chuma" mwamphamvu anakambirana nkhani m'mudzimo. "Khazikika pansi," ndi publicist otchedwa Engelhardt, wolemba Leo Tolstoy ndi m'nthawi ena aakulu. Iwo anali kulankhula za ukulu makhalidwe a anthu a anthu ophunzira.

Tipite njira zina

Amakani kapena chosintha populists, ogwirizana mu bungwe mobisa. Iwo ankadzitcha otsatira a Chernyshevsky. muyezo awo anali munthu - kudya ndi ankhanza Kulandidwa kwa mfumu ndi kusintha mwamsanga kuti sosholisimu.

Bright chithunzi pakati pawo - m'bale Lenin a Alexander Ulyanov. Iye anali mmodzi wa bungwe ndi atsogoleri a kagulu kamene zigawenga "Will anthu". Iwo Ulyanov Sr. anali pulogalamu ya kulimbana boma tsarist.

Mu chaka chimodzi kunachitika populists kukhazikitsa maukonde m'seri. Izi magulu 80. Pafupifupi mazana asanu olimbikitsa - pakati ndi pansi. Ambiri, iye anasonkhanitsa gulu la otsatira zikwi zingapo. Volya anali ankafuna asanu pa Alexander II, anapita mpaka mu mbiri monga "mpulumutsi" ndi "wokonzanso kwambiri." Ndipotu iye anathetsa serfdom, anali kukonza chuma ndi zina. Komabe, zigawenga ndi ankasakidwa kovuta. Pa ulendo omaliza March 1, 1881 mfumu anali wovulala.

Chidwi mfundo: Alexander Ulyanov anagulitsa golide wake Mendulo, amene analandira maphunziro ake, ndi kuwagula ndi mabomba ndalama bomba a.

zigawenga 21 wazaka anamangidwa pokonzekera kupha Alexander III ndi kuphedwa. Pambuyo zotsatirapo zake zimakhala zoopsa wachichepere Lenin anati: "Ayi, ife tizipita njira zina!"

Ndiye dziko Pambuyo kumangidwa misa "troublemakers", mokweza amasonyeza mayesero, kupereka. Mu zaka zitatu (kuchokera 1881 mpaka 1884-TH) anthu zikwi khumi anazunzidwa. Choncho unatha "Narodnaya Volya".

opandukawo magazi

N'ngopandukira - nthambi wachitatu wa populism. Iwo samangokhala sanaganize kuti chigamba mabowo boma lililonse, koma sanamuzindikire aliyense wa iwo. P. Kropotkin ndi Mikhail Bakunin - Russian ideologists wa anarchism - kukhulupirira kuti mphamvu zonse kupondereza, akapolo umunthu. A Russian - wopanduka pa mtima, magazi. Wamba mwakonzeka kuti zinthu zisinthe. Choncho, nkhani yaing'ono - bungwe kupanduka dziko. Ndipo iye adzacotsa boma ndipo sadzalola chilengedwe cha munthu watsopano. Lililonse boma zida ndi tanthauzo kale zoipa.

Kropotkin analankhula za otsogolera ambiri. Iwo akhoza reformat dziko. Munthu akhoza kungowauzira kukhazikitsa kudziyimira pawokha wa kulankhula ndi chitaganya.

More akhoza sadzalekerera

Kodi amagwiritsa ntchito populists panobe? Kudutsa dziko ayipanga mabwalo misa oletsedwa ndi theka malamulo. Only ena chabe okopa, pamene ena - achiwembuwo.

zibonga Student anasefukira Kharkiv, Moscow ndiponso mizinda ina. The Achinyamata ambiri amakonda chiwonongeko mafumu ndi zisinthe. Latsopano chipangizo - mgwirizano wa zigawo. Inde, boma, lomwe imayendetsedwa ndi msonkhano osankhidwa.

Great chikoka mu likulu anasangalala "Land and Ufulu" - chimangidwe chinsinsi. Komanso mu St. Petersburg, ndi gulu "kuphedwa Anthu" mu Moscow. Mamembala ake ophunzitsidwa kanthu koma "m'mphawi zisinthe".

olemekezeka wolapa

Analiponso ena mabwalo monga "anthu olemekezeka yolapa." Pa moyo wake, iwo kudzipereka kuti yom'pepesera kwa zaka pamaso pa anthu mlandu ndekha ndi makolo anga.

Mwachidule, mwanjira ina, koma aliyense ankafuna kuti kudzutsa anthu za "achibadwidwe zokomera." Zonsezi wakhala wotchuka kwambiri, atsopano, chachikulu. Alembi ndi atolankhani mosamala olembedwa pa nkhani zimenezi. Ojambula zithunzi analenga zojambula. Choncho, kukulimbikitsani kupenta Ilya Repin a "The kumangidwa kwa zokopa" kunaoneka.

Koma m'kupita populism anayamba kutaya kutchuka kwawo ndi chikoka pakati pa anthu. The kwambiri kuti kale kudzutsa mutu wake kalasi ntchito.

Zinali enaake

Peter Struve, wa zachuma ndi wandale, momveka amene populists. Izi idealization ndi ang'onoang'ono chuma ndi wosazindikira ofanana. Mwachidule opambana lotha dongosolo la zachuma, chamangidwa mu dongosolo lonse ndiponso ndale. Ndipotu ndi - malingaliro a anzeru, osati anthu.

Komanso, ntchito zoterezi kuonekera mu maiko ulimi ofotokoza. Ndipo anali pa kusintha awo mafakitale. Fans wa maganizo ukunenedwa kukhala chitsanzo chitukuko capitalist ndi anthu pang'onopang'ono atengere malamulo a chuma modernized. Koma zilibe ntchito, chifukwa zenizeni.

kotsalira zabwino

Mtengo wa Populists chakuti chiphunzitso ndi zochita zawo kwakukulukulu anathandiza kulimbikitsa mtundu - kudzera kuwonongedwa kusiyana kwa magulu. Zinapangidwa preconditions kulenga danga malamulo - wina kwa aliyense strata a anthu.

komanso bwino anawatsimikizira fallacy cholinga kusunga m'ma yaing'ono munda. Mantha machenjerero, nayenso, sanapange zotsatira.

mbadwo watsopano akukula, kukonzekera wodzipereka kulimbana ndi boma lakale.