Kuzinga Leningrad, ana a anatseka misewu ya. History of the Great kukonda dziko lako Nkhondo

Kuzinga Leningrad, ana a anatseka misewu ya ... mawu awa anamva lililonse. Mmodzi wa otchuka kwambiri ndi pa tsamba nthawi yomweyo oopsa miyala ya Great zosonyeza kukonda nkhondo. Nkhani zimenezi adakhala ndi mu mbiri monga motalikitsa ndi koopsa kwambiri zotsatira zake kwa kuzinga mzinda. Zimene zinachitika mu mzinda uno kuchokera 09.08.1941 pa 27.01.1944, kuzungulira dziko asonyeza mzimu wa ukulu a anthu, okhoza kufunkha mawu njala, matenda, ozizira ndi chiwonongeko. City anapulumuka, koma malipiro operekedwa kupambana anali amphamvu kwambiri.

Anatseka misewu. kuyambira

Plan "Barbarossa" - wotchedwa njira zimene mdani wathu, chimene kuyima pa zinachitikadi la Soviet Union. Mfundo imodzi ya ndondomekoyi agonjetsedwa wathunthu ndi adani mu kanthawi Leningrad. Hitler ankafuna kuti mzinda palibe pasanafike yophukira 1941. Zolinga za akagwiriridwa sanali kukhala. Alanda mzindawo, asakhalenso dziko, koma sanatenge!

Mwalamulo anapezerapo ndi anatseka misewu olembedwa September 8, 1941. Inali nthawi lero autumn, asilikali a ku Germany anagwira Shliserburg ndi kwathunthu oletsedwa ndi Leningrad dziko kulankhulana ndi dziko lonse.

Ndipotu, izo zinachitika pang'ono kale. The Germany mwadongosolo olekanitsidwa mzinda. Chotero, July 2, ndege German mabomba sitima zonse, kuteteza mwa kundipatsako kwa katundu mu njira iyi. Pa August 27, kugwirizana ndi mumzindawo kudzera njira chitsulo wakhala kwathunthu wosweka. Patapita masiku 3, mzinda wathyoka chifukwa magetsi. Ndipo pa September 1, anasiya ntchito masitolo onse malonda.

Popeza kuti vutolo n'lalikuludi, poyamba pafupifupi palibe adakhulupirira. Koma anthu ndinamverera chinachake chinali cholakwika, tinayamba kukonzekera nyengo yoipa kwambiri. Masitolo mwamsanga anakhuthulira. Kuyambira masiku oyambirira mumzindawo anayambitsa makadi chakudya, anatseka masukulu ndi kindergartens.

Ana a mzinda anazinga

Chisoni ndi mantha pa tsoka la anthu ambiri okhala anatseka misewu ya Leningrad. Ana anatseka misewu - gulu lapadera la anthu mumzinda uno, kumene zochitika kuti asalandidwe ubwana, anakakamizika kukula kale kwambiri, ndipo amavutika kupulumuka pa mlingo wa akulu ndi okhwima mu zinachitikira anthu.

Pa nthawi ya kutseka kwa mphete anazinga, kuwonjezera pa akulu, mumzinda anali ana 400 zikwi za mibadwo yosiyana. Ndi kusamalira ana a Leningrad Adakupatsani mphamvu: iwo mbamphedza, wokondedwa, phedzi mba funa kubisalira mabomba, chisamaliro mabuku. Aliyense ankadziwa kuti ana angathe kupulumutsidwa pokhapokha kuteteza mzindawo.

Akuluakulu sanathe kuteteza ana njala, ozizira, matenda ndiponso kutopa, koma zonse n'kotheka chachitika kwa iwo.

ozizira

Moyo anazinga Leningrad zolemera, mumamva. Shelling sanali koipa kuti chinachitika kupulumuka Anagwiranso anthu ena mzinda. Pamene mwadzidzidzi mphamvu yonse, ndi mdima zakutidwa kumudzi, anayamba ndi yovuta kwambiri. Anabwera chisanu, nyengo yozizira.

City yokutidwa ndi matalala, chisanu madigiri 40 anatsogolera chakuti mpanda wa nyumba ya unheated anayamba yokutidwa ndi chisanu. Anthu a Leningrad anakakamizika kukhazikitsa mbaula mu nyumba zawo, zomwe pang'onopang'ono kutenthetsa, kutenthedwa zonse: mipando, mabuku, katundu wa m'nyumba.

vuto Chatsopano pamene atapanga kuchimbudzi. Tsopano, madzi angathe kumwedwa yekha m'malo 2: kuchokera Fontanka ndi Neva.

njala

The ziwerengero chisoni limanena kuti mdani wamkulu wa anthu a mumzindawo anali ndi njala basi.

Zima 1941 mayeso kupulumuka. Kusintha kupereka anthu ndi mkate, makadi chakudya kuyamba. loonetsa kukula anakana likunena, mu November kufika osachepera ake.

Mchikhalidwe mu anazinga Leningrad anali awa: anthu amene ankapanga - amayenera 250g. mkate, nkhondo, firefighters ndi mamembala a mayunitsi ndi womenya analandira 300 ga, ndi ana, ndi iwo amene akhala ndi moyo yachilendo -. 125 GR.

mankhwala ena aliwonse mu mzinda unali utapita. magalamu 125 mkate anazinga ndi nkhope zathu, anthu wamba, bwino zakudya kukhuthala. chidutswa, sipangakhalenso analandira unali pokhapokha maola kuima pa mzere mu ozizira, wopangidwa mwa mapadi, mkate, mapepala khoma phala, wothira ufa.

Masiku, ndi kachidutswa aziti iyeyu n'ngwabwino anthu simungapeze. Pa bomba la mafakitale anali kugwira ntchito.

Anthu anafuna kupulumuka monga momwe akanathera. Mmimba kanthu anayesa kudzaza kuti akhoza kuwameza. Patapita anapita zonse: anadzikhuthula zida (kumwa Kasitolo mafuta, anadya Vaselini), anang'amba kuchoka mapepala khoma kuti mupeze mabwinja a phala ndi kuphika osachepera supu, kudula mutizidutswa tating'ono ndi yophika chikopa nsapato, matabwa zomatira anakonza zakudya.

Mwachibadwa, ana panthawi mphatso yabwino chakudya. Iwo nthawi zonse kuganizira za zokoma. Kuti chakudya, imene nthawi yachibadwa kuipidwa tsopano anali chinthu.

Holide ana

Ngakhale mwakhanza, moyo pachiswe zinthu za moyo wa Leningrad ndi changu chachikulu ndi khama anayesa ana, anali akapolo ozizira ndi mzinda njala, ndi moyo wabwino. Ndipo ngati chakudya ndi kutentha sanali kwinakwake kutenga, ndiye kupanga holide zotheka.

Choncho, pa zoopsa yozizira, pamene panali anatseka misewu ya Leningrad, anatseka misewu ana kukondwerera Chaka Chatsopano. Leningrad Council City komiti wamkulu chisankho anali ataphunzitsidwa ndi kumulondolera Chaka Chatsopano maholide okhalamo wamng'ono mzinda.

ndi malo onse a mzinda anatenga mbali. mapulogalamu tchuthi zidakwezekanso, zimene zinaphatikizapo kukumana ndi atsogoleri ndi ozimitsa, zojambulajambula moni, masewera pulogalamu ndi kuvina pa mtengo Christmas, ndipo ambiri Chofunika - nkhomaliro.

Pa zikondwerero zimenezi anali ndi chirichonse kupatula masewera ndi ndalama kuvina. Onse chifukwa chakuti ana lotereli alibe mphamvu zosangalatsa zimenezi. Ana sachita kusangalala - iwo anali kuyembekezera chakudya.

Chakudya inkakhala ndi chidutswa ka mkate yisiti msuzi, zakudya ndi patties anapangidwa kuchokera mbewu. Ine ndikudziwa njala ana akudya pang'onopang'ono mosamala kutola iliyonse crumb, chifukwa zidamdziwa mtengo wa buledi anazinga.

nthawi yovuta

Ana pa nthawiyo zinali zolemera kwambiri kuposa munthu wamkulu, akudziŵa bwino anthu. Kodi chifukwa chake pamene mabomba akhale mu m'chipinda chapansi mdima, ndi chifukwa palibe chakudya kulikonse, ana? About kuzinga Leningrad m'chikumbumtima anthu amakhalabe kwambiri nkhani chodabwitsa za anasiya ana, anyamata osakwatira amene anali kuyesera kuti apulumuke. Ndipotu, nthawi zambiri zinachitika kuti anasiya chakudya wokondedwa, achibale a mwana atangomwalira panjira, sanabwerere kunyumba.

Chiwerengero cha nyumba ana mumzinda wakula akupitirizabe. Mu chaka chimodzi, chiwerengero chawo wakula kwa manambala 98, ndi mu mfundo kumapeto kwa 1941 panali Padziko 40 zikwi amasiye 17. yekha anali kuyesera kuti muli ndi kusunga m'misasa izi.

Aliyense wokhala pang'ono za mzinda anazinga ali choonadi chowopsa. Dziko lonse anakhala zolemba wotchuka Leningrad sukulu Tani Savichevoy.

Chizindikiro cha kuvutika kwa Leningrad

Tanya Savicheva - tsopano dzina kumaimira mantha ndi kugwetsedwa mphwayi, amene anali kulimbana ndi anthu a mumzinda. Kodi ndiye anapulumuka Leningrad! Tanya Savicheva Uzani dziko nkhani iyi yovuta mwa zolemba wake magazini.

Mtsikanayu anali mwana wamng'ono wa Maria ndi Nikolaya Savichevyh. Pa nthawi ya zovuta, yomwe inayamba mu September, izo zimayenera kukhala ophunzira Maphunziro 4. Pamene banja anaphunzira za chiyambi cha nkhondo, Anagwirizana kulikonse kwa mzinda osati kusiya, koma kukhala ndi kupereka thandizo zonse zotheka kuti asilikali.

Amayi mtsikana ankasoka zovala asilikali. M'bale Abimeleki, yemwe anali sankaona, sanatengedwe kupita kunkhondo, iye anayesetsa kuti Admiralty doko la zombo zapanyanja. Mlongo Tanya, Zhenya ndi Nina, anali ophunzira yogwira polimbana ndi mdani. Choncho, Nina, pamene panali mphamvu, anapita kukagwira ntchito kumene, pamodzi ndi ena ongodzipereka kukumba ngalande kulimbikitsa chitetezo cha mzindawo. Zhenya pothawa mayi ake ndi agogo ake, mobisa amapereka magazi omenyana ovulala.

Tania, pamene mu mzinda amatanganidwa oyambirira November kachiwiri kum'patsa sukulu, anapita kukaphunzira. Panthawi imeneyi, anatulukira masukulu 103 okha, koma ali ndi kubera frosts aakulu asiya ntchito.

Tanya, msungwana wamng'ono, nayenso, osati atakhala opanda pake. Pamodzi ndi ana ena, iye anathandiza kukumba ngalande, chimatha "zoyatsira".

Posachedwapa phiri anagogoda khomo la banja. Woyamba sanabwere kunyumba, Nina. Mtsikanayo sanabwere pambuyo shelling aukali. Pamene zinadziwika kuti Nina iwo konse, mayi anga anapereka Tanya mlongo kope. Ndi kumeneko kuti mtsikana kenako kupanga kulowa awo.

Nkhondo. Anatseka misewu. Leningrad - mzinda anazinga, mabanja lonse kufa. Kotero izo zinali ndi Savicheva banja.

Eugene anafa mwachindunji ku fakitale. Iye ankagwira ntchito, akupera kupita 2 kuwasintha mu mzere. Iye akhaapatisa magazi. Apa kukakamiza bwereza.

Chotero chisoni sakanakhoza kupirira agogo, mkazi anaikidwa kumanda Piskarevskoe.

Ndipo nthawi iliyonse, pamene phiri unagunda pa khomo la nyumba Savicheva, Tanya anatsegula kope ake awonetse imfa ya anthu wina wokondedwa. Posachedwa anafa Leka, chifukwa iye kukhala awiri amalume mtsikana, ndiye mayi anga anamwalira.

"Savichevs onse anamwalira. Tanya ndekha "- mizere zoopsa za tsikulo Tanya ndi kupereka mantha omwe anakumana okhala mumzinda anazinga. Tanya anafa. Koma iye anali kulakwitsa, iye sanadziwe kuti anali munthu wamoyo pakati Savicheva. Anali mlongo wake, Nina, amene apulumutsidwa m shelling ndi anatengedwa mmbuyo.

Ndicho Nina, anabwerera ku mpanda kwawo mu 1945, adzakhala Blog alongo ndi kukauza dziko lonse nkhani oopsa. Mbiri ya anthu wonse, molimba mtima nkhondo kwawo.

Ana - ngwazi za anatseka misewu Leningrad

Onse okhala mumzindawo, sanafe ndipo anapambana imfa, ufulu ayenera kutchedwa otchuka.

Makamaka alimba mtima zinthu kwambiri cha ana. Little dziko lalikulu nzika si atakhala ndi kuyembekezera, pamene adzafika kumasulidwa; iwo anamenyera Leningrad kwawo.

Pafupifupi Mulimonse mumzinda sizinachitike popanda nawo ana. Ana achikulire anatenga mbali pa kuwononga mabomba incendiary, adafuthula moto, mayendedwe woyeretsedwa sitima ndi misewu, chosakaniza zinyalala pambuyo mabomba a.

Zinatha anatseka misewu ya Leningrad. Ana anakakamizika m'malo anatseka misewu pafupi makina fakitale ya anthu achikulire amene anaphedwa, anafa kapena kuti anapita kutsogolo. Makamaka ana amene ankagwira ntchito ku mafakitale, anakonzedwa namanga wapadera kumbali matabwa, kotero kuti iwo, monga anthu akuluakulu, kugwira ntchito yopanga zitsulo za mfuti za makina, zipolopolo zida zankhondo ndi mfuti za makina.

Mu kasupe ndi yophukira ana ankagwira ntchito mwakhama minda ndi minda boma munda. Pa anawazunza ndi mphunzitsi chizindikiro amapatsidwa ana, kuvula zipewa, anagwa nkhope pansi. Kuthana ndi kutentha, dothi, mvula, ndipo chisanu choyamba, ngwazi achinyamata anazinga Leningrad anatola umboni yokolola.

Ana zipatala zambiri ankabwera: kutsukidwa kumeneko anachereza ovulala, anathandiza kudyetsa kudwala otsutsa.

Ngakhale kuti dziko la Germany anayesetsa kuwononga Leningrad, mzinda moyo. Iye anakhala ndi moyo. Pambuyo zochotsa wa anatseka misewu ya ana 15 zikwi analandira Mendulo "Pakuti Kuteteza Leningrad".

msewu ku moyo

Nyanja Ladoga - njira yokhayo, amene adapatsa ena mwayi tizilumikizana ndi dziko. M'chaka anali Bwato m'nyengo yozizira - galimotoyo iyende pa ayezi. Pamaso yozizira 1941 mumzinda anayenda agogo amandikhudza ndi mabwato, koma Front usilikali Council ankadziwa Ladoga amaundana kenako njira yonse oletsedwa. Anayamba kusakasaka latsopano ndi kukonzekera kumatheka mwa njira zina kulankhulana.

Choncho njira linakonzedwa Ladoga ayezi, kenako anayamba kutchedwa "Njira ya Moyo." Mu mbiri ya anatseka misewu ya Pulumutsani Tsiku, pamene woyamba ngolo anatsogolera kudutsa ayezi, zinali November 21, 1941

Zitatha izi, 60 magalimoto anapita, cholinga chimene anali kubweretsa ufa mzinda. mzinda anayamba kupeza chakudya, mtengo umene unali moyo wa munthu, chifukwa patsogolo pa njira wakhala kugwirizana ndi chiopsezo chachikulu. Makina zalephereka pansi ayezi Amira, ankatsatira pansi pa nyanja anthu ndi katundu. Ntchito yoyendetsa umenewu galimoto wakhala wakupha. M'madera ena ayezi anali osalimba moti ngakhale angapo matumba yodzaza ndi mbewu kapena makina ufa mosavuta kukhala pansi ayezi. Aliyense ndege anadutsa njira iyi anali amunamuna. The Germany ankafunitsitsa kuti asalalikire izo, ndi bomba la Ladoga anali nthawi zonse, koma mtima ndi ungwazi wa anthu a mumzinda sankaloledwa chimachitika kwa izo.

"The msewu wa moyo" kwenikweni chitamaliza ntchito yake. Mu Leningrad, anayamba kubwezeretsanso chakudya ndi makina unatengedwa kuchokera ana ndi amayi awo. Osati nthawi zonse motere anali otetezeka. Nkhondo itatha, tikafuna kudziŵa pansi zidole Nyanja Ladoga Leningrad ana anapezeka kuti amizidwe afotokoze zimenezi. Kuwonjezera woopsawo thawed pa ayezi msewu, magalimoto kuti achoke nthawi zambiri pansi moto mdani ndi madzi osefukira.

Pafupifupi 20,000 anthu ntchito pa msewu uwu. Ndipo okha zikomo kwa kulimba mtima kwawo, mphamvu ya mzimu ndi chilakolako kupulumuka mzinda chimene ofunikira kwambiri - mwayi kuti apulumuke.

Kuti tipulumuke mzinda-ngwazi

Chilimwe 1942 anali yomangika kwambiri. Nazi anapita kumenyana pa amadzibisa wa Leningrad. N'zochititsa chidwi kuchuluka mabomba ndi shelling mumzindawo.

Kuzungulira mzindawo panali latsopano zida zankhondo batire. adani ndi madera mzinda, ndi mbali yofunika ya shelling tsiku.

Zinatha anatseka misewu ya Leningrad. Anthu anatembenuka mzinda wawo ku malo otetezedwa bwino. Choncho, mu mzinda likuvutika 110 malo aakulu chitetezo, ngalande ndi zikwapu zosiyana anaonekera kuthekera covert regrouping asilikali. Zimenezi zinali chakuti zayamba chepetse chiwerengero cha anthu akufa ndiwobvulazidwa.

January 12 Army wa Leningrad ndi Volkhov amadzibisa unkatchedwa zolawula. Patapita masiku 2, mtunda wa pakati magulu awiri anali makilomita osakwana 2. The Germany anakaniza amakana, koma pa January 18, asilikali a ku Leningrad ndi Volkhov amadzibisa chikugwirizana.

Lero zinali zodzaza ndi chinthu china chofunika: kuchotsa anatseka misewu inali chifukwa amasulidwe Shlisselburg, komanso kuyeretsa kwathunthu kwa mdani wa chakumwera kwa Ladoga nyanja.

M'mphepete chasanduka kuti pakhale njira za 10 makilomita, iye ndiye anabwezeretsa kugwirizana dziko ndi dziko.

Pamene panali zochotsa anatseka misewu ya mzinda anali anthu za 800 zikwi.

Chochititsa chidwi tsiku January 27, 1944 anapita mu mbiri monga tsiku pamene anatseka misewu ya mzinda wakhala kwathunthu kuchotsedwa.

Pa tsiku limeneli auspicious, Moscow kuzilandira Leningrad pambuyo zochotsa wa makombola anatseka misewu zokolola kukondwerera chakuti mzinda anapulumuka. The kuti asilikali, amene anapambana, walemba osati Stalin, koma kulankhula. Chotero ulemu sanali kupereka mkulu aliyense mkulu wa amadzibisa onse Wamkulu zosonyeza kukonda nkhondo.

The anatseka misewu unatenga masiku 900. Awa ndi wamagazi, wankhanza kwambiri komanso woipa anatseka misewu mu mbiri ya anthu. tanthauzo lake mbiri zoopsa. Silifooketsa anthu ofuna mphamvu yaikulu asilikali German pa nthawi yonseyi, anthu a Leningrad ankathandiza kwambiri kuchita ntchito asilikali mbali zina za kutsogolo.

Zoposa 350 zikwi asilikali ophunzira Leningrad silikhali analandira mendulo awo. anthu 226 anapatsidwa udindo Hero wa Soviet Union mutu aulemu. Anthu oposa 1.5 miliyoni akhala kupereka n'kulandira mendulo "Pakuti Kuteteza Leningrad".

mumzindawo kwa ungwazi ndi mphamvu analandira udindo aulemu a Hero City.