Ndi Zipembedzo zimene: mbali ndi mfundo

N'zochititsa chidwi, ena a boma atapereka zinthu zina zipembedzo dziko. Mwachitsanzo, mu USSR, panali i zina malinga ndi zimene zipembedzo ayenera bwino nthanthi sukulu, ndi chikoka chachikulu pa zochitika m'mbiri komanso chikhalidwe ayenera kumagwirizana kudzidziwa dziko.

Malinga ndi makhalidwe zofunika zipembedzo dziko akufuna ndi UNESCO, amene pali atatu:

• Chibuda;
• Chikhristu;
• Islam.

Akukhulupirira kuti tafika amaudindo apamwamba chikumbumtima achipembedzo, kukhala ndi makhalidwe amene osadalira pa dziko ndi malo okhala.

Chibuda

Chibuda - akale a Zipembedzo. Iwo nalo dzina lake kwa tate wake Buddha, amene ankakhala mu BC 5-4 atumwi. e. Chibuda unachokera mu gawo kumpoto kum'mawa kwa India - nthawi kuti chitukuko cha dera lake.

Chinthu chapadera cha Chibuda lagona lathu chikumbumtima ndi zothandiza. Iye amatsutsa kuti ngofunika kwambiri mwa maonekedwe akunja cha moyo wachipembedzo - mabungwe, miyambo wolowezana wauzimu, ndipo chimauza ake pa vuto la moyo wa munthu.

Chibuda, mosiyana ndi kristu ndi m'Chisilamunso, palibe bungwe la Mpingo. moyo wachipembedzo aumbike padziko amonke ndi akachisi, amene consolidates dera la okhulupirira, ndipo aliyense akhoza kupeza thandizo ndi malangizo.

Ichi ndi chipembedzo kusintha kwambiri. Asanabwere ake, ali odzipereka kwambiri maganizo miyambo ya anthu imene ankati, kulankhula m'chilankhulo chawo cha chikhalidwe. Poyamba Chibuda chinafala mwa anthu a Asia: makamaka South, Central ndi East, ku Russia - pakati Tuvan, Kalmyks ndi Buryats. Malinga pano iye anapitirizabe kufalikira, ndipo otsatira ake amapezeka mu Europe, America, Africa, Australia, ndi madera ena a Russia, komwe poyamba sanali.

Chikhristu

Chikhristu anayamba kufalitsa pa mochedwa Roma, kuzungulira pakati pa 1st m'ma BC. e. Iwo analimbitsa wake motsutsa maziko a zipolowe amphamvu chikhalidwe mu ufumu kukopa maganizo a anthu kuti munthu woteteza amphamvu, kufanana chilengedwe ndi chipulumutso.

Chikhristu ali bwinobwino aithamangitse achikunja chipembedzo wakale Rome komanso chifukwa ambiri a maganizo ake ndi miyambo akhala kudziwika kwa anthu ku Chiyuda. Nkhani zimene zimapezeka Chiyuda ndi Chikhristu - ndi kukhulupirira kubwera kwa Mesiya, mzimu wa munthu sufa ndiponso kukhalapo kwa moyo wina pambuyo kumwamba.

Kuyambira mipatuko anthuwo popangidwa ndi amene alandira Khristu monga Mesiya, Christianity pang'onopang'ono anapanga mphamvu chikhalidwe. Pomaliza, patatha kuzunza mpingo unali angakuthandizeni woyamba ndi wamphamvu kwambiri boma Roma za chiyambi cha m'ma 3.

Ngakhale Chikristu koma kupita kutali chitukuko chitukuko cha mbalume, preconditions aziyendera ake kupambana kudutsa dziko anapanga kale. Ngakhale kulekana wotsatira wa mpingo sanafooke kutchuka kwake.

Islam

Islam - chipembedzo cha wamng'ono wa atatu. Izo zinayambira mu oyambirira 7 m'ma BC. e. mu Arabiya. Pa nthawi imeneyo, dziko Arab akukumana kugwa kwa dongosolo mafuko anali zosamveka kwambiri, kupanga ofooka. The kulunjika kwa gulu la mafuko nthawi chofunika ndi kupanga umodzi boma Arab. Vutoli anali kuthetsedwa chifukwa cha mlili zikamera ndi kufala kwa Islam.

Woyambitsa wa Islam akuti ndi Mneneri Muhammad. Mbali khalidwe la chipembedzo ili ndi Islam - osati chipembedzo komanso njira zina. Poyamba, sinafike kugawanitsa pakati pa yakale komanso chipembedzo, yolembedwa ndi zopatulika.

Ngakhale unyamata wake, Islam mwachilungamo mofulumira anapeza zizindikiro za dziko la chipembedzo. Lero ndi chipembedzo wachiwiri kukula mu dziko. Malinga ndi ziwerengero akhakula, chiwerengero cha Asilamu padziko lapansili ndi oposa biliyoni anthu. Ambiri a iwo amakhala Asia ndi Africa.

maganizo zina

Ngakhale chokhazikitsidwa ndi mu chipembedzo terminology, zipembedzo masiku ano dziko ndi zizindikiro zawo - funso lofuna m'njira zambiri. Ngakhale kumasulidwa mwamwambo ngati onse atatu, pali maganizo pa nkhani imeneyi.

Mwachitsanzo, Maks Veber ndi otsatira ake ndi monga mwa chiwerengero chawo ndi ena, kusonyeza zizindikiro zingapo kwambiri zipembedzo dziko. Choncho, malinga ndi miyambo Weberian, iwo monga Chiyuda, chifukwa iye anali ndi chikoka chachikulu pa Chikhristu ndi Chisilamu, ndi Chihindu ndi Chikomfyushani, ngati iwo ali zipembedzo za zigawo zikuluzikulu chikhalidwe, amene ali kunyumba kwa amitundu yosiyanasiyana.

World chipembedzo kapena chipembedzo cha anthu?

Palinso anthu ambiri amene asayansi amene amakhulupirira mawu akuti ndi chinthu chakale, ndipo anapanga zizindikiro za chipembedzo dziko untenable zinthu zamakono.

Ngati pali muyezo uliwonse kuonedwa kuti ndi chipembedzo makamaka kapena dziko, kukutanthauza kuti malo amodzi. Komabe, siziri choncho. dziko likusintha, ndi malo a zipembedzo umakhala ndi zambiri chodabwitsa. Mwachitsanzo, m'mayiko osiyanasiyana padziko lonse ambiri a Hindu, amene ndi mbali ya m'deralo Hindu. Komanso, oimira ambiri sali m'gulu Zipembedzo mobwerezabwereza anatsutsa muyezo kusankha, kupereka woyenera ndi wofunitsitsa kuvomereza chipembedzo chawo ndi anthu padziko lonse.

Pakhala akuyesetsa kuti athetseretu mawu akuti "zipembedzo dziko" komanso maganizo kuti atchule zina, mwachitsanzo, "chipembedzo wamoyo" kapena "chipembedzo cha umunthu" kuti kwambiri amange ndi osiyanasiyana muyezo wa. Komabe, mgwirizano pa nkhaniyi mu dziko sayansi si, ndipo komabe ndi njira yaitali kuti tikambirane nkhaniyo.