Ndipo n'chifukwa chiyani zinali dziko loyamba? Kodi dziko loyamba? Kodi boma anabwera koyamba?

Loyamba limati anaonekera mu zigawo kum'mwera kwa dziko lathuli, kumene kunali yabwino kwambiri zachilengedwe ndi malo zinthu. Anabadwa za nyengo ya zikwi zisanu zapitazo.

ndi chifukwa chiyani maonekedwe a mtundu watsopano ubale chikhalidwe

Pamene ndipo n'chifukwa chiyani dziko loyamba, mwachitsanzo, anachokera, - imodzi mwa nkhani zambiri kusiyana maganizo pa sayansi. Malinga ndi buku la wotchuka German nzeru zapamwamba Karl Marx ndi Fridriha Engelsa, boma ukapezeka m'kati kulimbitsa lochitira chikhalidwe, kuwonjezera ntchito ya umwini ndi zikamera wa gulu la anthu olemera. Nawonso, amafuna chipangizo wapadera kuteteza zofuna zake ndi kusunga chikoka pa atsogoleri anzake. Mosakayikira, zodabwitsazi zinachitika, koma osati, linapangitsa kuti zikamera a boma. Palinso chiphunzitso chimene mtundu watsopano wa bungwe chikhalidwe Kodi zotsatira za kufunika kolamulira ndi kuonetsetsa chuma, mtundu wa bwana wamkulu maofesi a malonda, ncholinga chitukuko ogwira, njira iyi ya bungwe la boma kwambiri ntchito Ancient Egypt, pamene dongosolo ulimi wothirira ndi yaikulu chuma, malonda chinthu.

I chifukwa maonekedwe awo

Ndipo n'chifukwa chiyani ndi dziko loyamba? Ichi ndi masoka njira kuti zimachitika kulikonse, koma panyengo zosiyanasiyana. Kale, maziko a moyo wa anthu onse anali ulimi ndi nyama husbandry. Kuti ali bwinobwino otukuka, tinkafunika yoyenera nyengo. Choncho, anthu akale anakakhala makamaka m'mphepete mwa mitsinje ikuluikulu, omwe analola kuti athe kukwaniritsa zofuna za anthu a gwero yofunikayi. Wa zinthu zofunika kwambiri kunali kasupe wa madzi: ndi kum'mwera kuposa nyengo yofunda ndi zinthu Choncho kwambiri yabwino kulima. Mukhoza kukolola kangapo kuchuluka kwa dziko, ndipo kangapo pa chaka. Izi ndi anthu a ku chigawo, mwayi undoubted mu chitukuko cha njira thandizo moyo ndi kupeza mankhwala owonjezera.

Madera wamkulu wa boma nyumba

Mesopotamia, kapena Mesopotamia - chigawo yabwino kwambiri ulimi zofewa, nyengo yofunda, malo m'dera kwambiri ndi kukhalapo kwa akuluakulu Asian West mitsinje awiri - Tigirisi ndi Firate - anapatsidwa kuchuluka kwa madzi chitukuko cha machitidwe ulimi yothiriridwa ntchito m'dziko ndondomeko. Anthu okhala m'mayiko amenewa, ena zochepa amadalira vagaries a nyengo, kotero angathe kutenga khola ndi wolemera kukolola. Pafupifupi zinthu zomwezo analipo m'chigwa cha mitsinje ya Africa yaikulu - Nile. Koma kumanga ulimi wothirira, ulimi wothirira kachitidwe, chofunika kukhazikitsa ntchito gulu la anthu ambiri, mwinamwake kulenga ulimi ogwira anali sangathe. Choncho, anayambitsa prototypes loyamba la mabungwe boma, ndipo ndiko kumene dziko loyamba, koma zoona, sizinali koma maphunziro kwathunthu anthu. Awa anali mazira, imene kenako anapanga maiko yakale kwambiri mu dziko.

Vicissitudes zigawo zikuluzikulu chikhalidwe, chuma ndi ndale m'mayiko akale

Akuwuka m'madera a mzinda boma, kulamulira dera bwino chimatanthauza. Relations pakati pa anansi nthawizonse yomangika ndipo nthawi zambiri ayambitsa mikangano. mabungwe ambiri palokha angaletsedwe chitukuko chuma dera ndi wamphamvu kwambiri olamulira amadziwa, kotero iwo akuyesera pang'onopang'ono anagonjetsa dera lalikulu lomwe kukhazikitsa malamulo yunifolomu. Ndi umenewu chiwembu, pali awiri amphamvu ndi lalikulu ufumu mu Nile Valley - North kapena Upper, Egypt ndi South kapena wotsika Egypt. Olamulira maufumu onse anali ndi mphamvu boma zokwanira ndiponso asilikali. Komabe, sizinatheke anali mfumu ya Upper Egypt, kumenyana ndi oopsa anapambana pa odana kum'mwera, ndi za chaka 3118 iye anapambana ufumu nizhneegipetskoe, ndi Mina ndi Farao loyamba la Egypt ndi woyambitsa wa boma wogwirizana, koma pamene ndiponso chifukwa kunali dziko loyamba.

Egypt - dziko loyamba

Tsopano m'manja mwa wolamulira limodzi zinthu zonse zipatso za Nile anali anaikira, pali zinthu zonse chitukuko cha dongosolo logwirizana boma la yothiriridwa ulimi, ndipo tsopano anthu amene akuchita izo, anali chuma ndithu zakuthupi. Kugawikana imafoola dziko m'malo wamphamvu, boma ogwirizana, ndi pofuna kukwaniritsa Iguputo mwangwiro umaonetsa mbali zonse zabwino ndondomeko imeneyi. Kwa zaka zambiri dziko lino wapweteka lonse Middle East dera. Other lapansi wochezeka dera, Mesopotamia, sanathe kugonjetsa mphamvu centrifugal, mzinda boma analipo pano sungakhale adzalumikizana pansi pa ulamuliro wa mfumu imodzi. Choncho, pankhondo yosalekeza ndi destabilized mmene nkhani zandale ndiponso zachuma, omwe analola Egypt kupita patsogolo, ndipo posachedwapa limati Chisumeriya kugwera mu dera cha mphamvu ya boma ku Igupto, ndiyeno limati ena amphamvu m'chigawochi. Ndipo kumanena zimene boma anabwera koyamba, ndi kuchuluka mwatsatanetsatane sizingatheke Choncho, dziko loyamba la dziko imatengedwa kuti Egypt.

Chiphunzitso cha zidakwa za mabungwe andale

Zambiri cholinga chiphunzitso ku funso liti ndipo chifukwa kunali dziko loyamba ndi limodzi mwa zomwe chikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana kale anapanga, panali mwachilungamo khola zinthu zokhudza chikhalidwe ndi boma, amene anapanga chifukwa cha njira izi ndi zochitika - lamulo cholinga kuonetsetsa mtendere kofunika dziko lonse la chikhalidwe. Ndi pamene ndiponso chifukwa kunali dziko loyamba. njira iyi ntchito ubale mphamvu yonse mu mbiri ya anthu. Koma zimayambitsa boma zambiri, zingakhale zovuta, zomwe zimathandiza kuti kuphatikiza la anthu, kulimbikitsa udindo wa munthu, monga wolamulira amachita. Imathandizanso yofunika ngongole kwa ena mitundu kwambiri olemera. chigawo achipembedzo ndi maganizo kumathandiza kuti izi, suffices kukumbukira Muhammad - woyambitsa wa chipembedzo chatsopano cha Islam, ndi kuti kufunika zinachitika kuti akhazikitse ndi Arab Caliphate. Choncho, dziko loyamba ndi chifukwa cha mndandanda wa zinthu, koma muyezo waukulu anali koma mlingo wa chitukuko zachuma.

Polongosola mwachidule

Loyamba limati, kwenikweni, zochokera mphamvu, mphamvu zonse zikutanthauza kugonjera. Ndipo mawu a dziko wakale anali basi pinakwanisa kupulumusa m'madera ambiri nthawi zambiri anthu mafuko osiyana kwambiri ndi yosiyana. Choncho, mayiko ambiri anatuluka monga ngati gulu chitukuko Mubalane, koma sanali kuvutitsa m'deralo, sidzatenga kuchita ntchito zina ndi kumvera. Nthawi zambiri iye ankavala khalidwe ofunda, chifukwa cha ichi, dziko loyamba anali sinkakhala.