Mapangidwe, Sayansi

Tizilombo makutidwe ndi okosijeni. zochita Redox: Zitsanzo

Popanda mphamvu sangaonekerenso limodzi chamoyo. Pajatu aliyense mankhwala anachita, ndondomeko aliyense amafuna kukhalapo kwake. munthu aliyense zosavuta ndi kumva izo. Ngati tsiku lonse kudya chakudya, ndiye ndi madzulo, ndipo mwina kale, kuchuluka zizindikiro kutopa kuyamba, kufooka, mphamvu achepetsa.

Nanga zamoyo njira zosiyanasiyana kuti ndinazolowera yopanga mphamvu? Kodi amachokera ku ndipo kodi njira zidzachitika pa nthawi yomweyo mkati khola? Yesetsani kumvetsa nkhani imeneyi.

Kupeza zamoyo mphamvu

njira iliyonse palibe mphamvu kuda, maziko nthawi zonse kunama OVR (redox zochita). Zitsanzo zosiyana. aone kuti pali dzuwa, yomwe ikuchitika zomera wobiriwira ndi ena mabakiteriya - izo alinso OVR. Mwachibadwa, ndondomeko adzakhala osiyanasiyana malingana ndi mtundu wanji wa munthu wamoyo amatanthauza.

Choncho, nyama zonse - izo heterotrophs. I.e. zamoyo amenewa omwe sangathe yekha kupanga mkati yokha kukonzekera mankhwala zina organic ndi pogawanikana pamawere Atamasulidwa mphamvu kumangidwa mankhwala.

Zomera, mbali inayi, ndi amphamvu kwambiri limapanga organic padziko lathuli. Akamagwira kuipidwa ndi zofunika ndondomeko yotchedwa photosynthesis, ndilo mapangidwe shuga kwa madzi, mpweya woipa mchikakamizo cha zinthu zapadera - chlorophyll. A chochokera ndi mpweya, ndilo gwero la moyo kwa anthu onse aerobic moyo.

zochita Redox zitsanzo za zimene taphunzira njira:

  • 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O = wotchedwa chlorophyll = C 6 H 10 O 6 + 6O 2;

kapena

  • mpweya woipa + okusayidi wa hydrogen mchikakamizo cha pigment wotchedwa chlorophyll (enzyme anachita) + = monosaccharide ufulu maselo oxygen.

Komanso, pali oimira zotsalira zazomera a dziko amene amatha kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu kumangidwa mankhwala mankhwala zochita kupanga. Iwo amatchedwa chemotroph. Zikuphatikizapo zosiyanasiyana mabakiteriya. Mwachitsanzo, tizilombo ndi wa hydrogen, oxidizing ndi gawo lapansi molekyulu m'nthaka. ndondomeko kumachitika malinga ndi njira: 2H 2 0 = 2 2H 2 0.

Mbiri ya chitukuko cha chidziwitso pa makutidwe ndi okosijeni kwachilengedwenso

The ndondomeko komwe ndi maziko a mphamvu, amadziwika lero. Izi makutidwe ndi okosijeni kwachilengedwenso. Sayansi monga kuphunzira zambiri zokhudza ndi njira masitepe kanthu kuti mikuluwiko pafupifupi wapita. Komabe, sizinali nthawi zonse.

Kutchula koyamba chakuti mkati mwa zamoyo likufa masinthidwe zovuta, amene ali ndi chikhalidwe cha zochita mankhwala, panali pafupifupi m'zaka XVIII. Inali pa nthawi iyi, Antuan Lavuaze, wotchuka French sayansi, anacheukira anthu njira zofanana ndi makutidwe ndi okosijeni kwachilengedwenso kuyaka. Iye anatsatira njira chitsanzo chabwino pamene kupuma mpweya odzipereka ndipo anaona kuti zimachitika mwa thupi la njira makutidwe ndi okosijeni, koma pang'onopang'ono kuposa kunja pa kuyaka zinthu zosiyanasiyana. Ndiko kuti, oxidizer - okosijeni - ali anachitira ndi mankhwala organic, makamaka, ndi hydrogen ndi mpweya kwa iwo, ndipo kutembenuka wathunthu, limodzi ndi kuwonongeka kwa mankhwala.

Komabe, ngakhale kopanda ichi makamaka ndithu weniweni, unakhalabe pobisa zinthu zambiri. Mwachitsanzo:

  • njira nthawi ofanana, ndi zikhalidwe za otaya ayenera kukhala ofanana, koma makutidwe ndi okosijeni atuluka pa kutentha otsika thupi;
  • kanthu limodzi ndi kutuluka ndalama kwambiri mphamvu kutentha ndi mapangidwe lawi chikuchitika;
  • kukhala anthu osachepera 75-80% ya madzi, koma samaletsa "moto" zakudya iwo.

Kuti tiyankhe mafunso onsewa ndi kumvetsa zimene kwenikweni ndi makutidwe ndi okosijeni zamoyo anafunika chaka kuposa wina.

Pali maganizo osiyana omwe anasonyeza kufunika kwa ndondomeko ya mpweya ndi wa hydrogen. Ambiri ndi bwino kwambiri anali:

  • Bach a chiphunzitso, wotchedwa peroxide;
  • Palladin a chiphunzitso, zochokera lingaliro monga "chromogens".

Kenako panali asayansi ambiri Russia ndi mayiko ena a dziko lapansi, amene pang'onopang'ono zina ndi kusintha kwa funso la chimene ali makutidwe ndi okosijeni kwachilengedwenso. Sayansi ya lero, chifukwa cha ntchito yawo, angathe kukuuzani aliyense ndondomeko anachita. Mwa mayina wotchuka mu munda ndi zotsatirazi:

  • Mitchell;
  • Sv Severin;
  • Warburg;
  • VA Belitser;
  • Lehninger;
  • VP Skulachev;
  • Krebs;
  • Green;
  • V. A. Engelgardt;
  • Kaylin ndi ena.

Mitundu ya makutidwe ndi okosijeni kwachilengedwenso

wiri zofunika akhoza kuwasiyanitsa za ndondomeko zomwe zidzachitike m'mikhalidwe yosiyana. Choncho, ambiri mwa mitundu ya tizilombo ndi njira bowa kutembenuza chakudya chifukwa - pa anaerobic. Izi makutidwe ndi okosijeni zamoyo yomwe ikuchitika popanda mpweya ndi opanda nkhani mtundu uliwonse. wotere analengedwa malo kumene kulibe kupeza mpweya: mobisa, lidaonongeka substrata, silts, clays, zithaphwi ndipo ngakhale mu mlengalenga.

Mtundu wa makutidwe ndi okosijeni ali dzina lina - glycolysis. Ndi chimodzi mwa zosankha zovuta kwambiri ndi nthawi yambiri, koma ankafalitsa mwakhama wolemera ndondomeko - kutembenuza anthu aerobic kapena minofu kupuma. Iyi ndi njira yachiwiri ndondomeko. Kumachitika mu zonse aerobic moyo okhalapo-heterotrophs, amene ntchito mpweya kwa kupuma.

Choncho, awa a mitundu makutidwe ndi okosijeni kwachilengedwenso.

  1. Glycolysis, ndi anaerobic njira. Izo sikutanthauza pamaso pa mpweya komanso limatha ndi zosiyanasiyana za nayonso mphamvu.
  2. Minofu kupuma (zobwera chifukwa cha okosijeni phosphorylation), kapena mtundu aerobic. Pamafunika pamaso lamulo la mpweya maselo.

zisudzo

Tikambirana okha mwachindunji zimaonetsa kuti muli makutidwe ndi okosijeni kwachilengedwenso. Kutanthauzira mankhwala zikuluzikulu ndi achidule zawo, zomwe kupitiriza ntchito.

  1. Acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA) - condensation asidi oxalic acid acetic, coenzyme, umene unakhazikitsidwa ku sitepe yoyamba ya asidi mkombero tricarboxylic.
  2. Krebs mkombero (citric asidi adzizungulira, asidi tricarboxylic) - ambiri zotsatizana masinthidwe zovuta redox zokhudza kumasulidwa kwa mphamvu, kuchepetsa wa hydrogen, mapangidwe mankhwala ofunika otsika maselo kulemera. Ndi waukulu kugwirizana catalyze ndi anabolism.
  3. Nad ndi nad * H - dehydrogenase enzyme, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide waima. Chilinganizo chachiwiri - molekyulu ndi wa hydrogen Ufumuyo. NADP - nikotinamidadenindinukletid mankwala.
  4. Potengera anzawo ndi potengera anzawo * H - flavin adenine dinucleotide - coenzyme dehydrogenase.
  5. ATP - adenosine triphosphate.
  6. PVK - pyruvic asidi kapena pyruvate.
  7. Succinate kapena asidi succinic, H 3 PO 4 - asidi phosphoric.
  8. GTP - guanosine triphosphate, gulu la nucleotides purine.
  9. Achichepere - unyolo elekitironi zoyendera.
  10. Michere ndondomeko: peroxidase, oxygenase, cytochrome oxidase, flavin dehydrogenase, coenzymes zosiyanasiyana ndi mankhwala ena.

mankhwala onsewa amagwira ntchito ndondomeko makutidwe ndi okosijeni kuti amapezeka zimakhala ndi (maselo) kwa zinthu zamoyo.

Siteji ya makutidwe ndi okosijeni kwachilengedwenso: Table

siteji Ndondomeko ndi phindu
glycolysis Akamanena za ndondomeko lake lili monosaccharides anoxic chimbudzi amene poyambirira pa ndondomeko ya kupuma selo ndi limodzi ndi kutuluka kwa mphamvu, wofanana mamolekyulu awiri ATP. Pyruvate ndi kubala. Ichi ndi chinthu choyambirira cha aliyense heterotrophs zamoyo. Phindu mu mapangidwe STC, omwe umaperekedwa kwa cristae kwa mayitirokondiriyoni ndi gawo lapansi kwa minofu mpweya ndi makutidwe ndi okosijeni. Mu glycolysis anaerobic zimachitika pambuyo nayonso mphamvu za mitundu yosiyanasiyana.
The makutidwe ndi okosijeni a pyruvate Zimenezi ndi kutembenuza STC inakhazikitsidwa m'zaka glycolysis, kuti acetyl-CoA. Iwo ikuchitika mothandizidwa ndi apadera enzyme zovuta pyruvate dehydrogenase. Zotsatira - cetyl-CoA mamolekyulu, amene kulowa pa Krebs mkombero. The ndondomeko imagwiridwa kubwezeretsa nad NADH. Place kutanthauzira - crista mitochondria.
Kugwa zidulo beta-mafuta Zimenezi ikuchitika mu kufanana ndi yapita mitochondria Christie. Kwenikweni chake ndi akonzanso onse a mafuta zidulo kuti acetyl-CoA nachiyika pa mkombero citric acid. Komanso akuchira NADH.
Krebs mkombero

Imayamba ndi kutembenuka kwa acetyl-CoA mu chidulo citric, amene amaloŵamo masinthidwe zina. Chimodzi mwa zinthu zofunika kwambiri womwenso makutidwe ndi okosijeni kwachilengedwenso. Asidiyu amaloŵamo:

  • dehydrogenation;
  • decarboxylation;
  • kusinthika.

Aliyense ndondomeko imagwiridwa kangapo. Zotsatira: GTP, carbon dioxide, yafupika mawonekedwe NADH ndi FADH 2. Choncho michere biooxidation momasuka imapezeka kwa mayitirokondiriyoni particles masanjidwewo.

phosphorylation zobwera chifukwa cha okosijeni

Ichi ndi chinthu chotsiriza mu kutembenuka kwa mankhwala a zamoyo eukaryotic. Choncho pali kusintha kwa ADP mu ATP. The mphamvu chofunika akutengedwa pa makutidwe ndi okosijeni wa mamolekyulu wa NADH ndi FADH 2 kuti inakhazikitsidwa mu magawo m'mbuyomu. Ndi kusintha motsatizana achichepere ndi kucheperachepera kuthekera mphamvu kumachitika pa mapeto a mphamvu kulemera ATP kulankhulana.

Awa ndi njira zonse zimene zigwirizana pamodzi ndi makutidwe ndi okosijeni kwachilengedwenso yokhudza oxygen. Mwachibadwa, iwo kwathunthu anafotokoza, koma chilengedwe, monga ofotokoza zambiri muyenera mutu wonse wa bukhu. njira yonse amuzolengedwa zinthu zamoyo zedi Mipikisano faceted ndi zovuta.

Redox ndondomeko anachita

zochita Redox zitsanzo za zimene ikusonyezera gawo lapansi njira makutidwe ndi okosijeni tafotokozazi ali motere.

  1. Glycolysis: monosaccharide (shuga) + 2NAD + = 2ADF 2PVK 2ATF + 4H + + O 2 + 2H + NADH.
  2. Makutidwe ndi okosijeni wa pyruvate: enzyme = STC + mpweya woipa + acetaldehyde. Ndiye zotsatirazi sitepe: Acetaldehyde + coenzyme A = acetyl-CoA.
  3. A kuchuluka kwa kusinthika yotsatana asidi citric mu Krebs mkombero.

Izi zosiyanasiyana redox kunaonekera pamwamba, kusonyeza akamanena za njira yokha mu mau. Amadziwika kuti mankhwala mu funso ikukhudzana ku macromolecular kapena kukhala ndi lalikulu mpweya mafupa, kotero kuwonetsera onse chilinganizo wathunthu osati zotheka.

The mphamvu linanena bungwe la minofu kupuma

Malinga ndi kufotokoza pamwamba zikuonekeratu kuti kuwerengetsa linanena bungwe okwana onse a mphamvu makutidwe ndi okosijeni n'kosavuta.

  1. Awiri mamolekyulu wa ATP amapereka glycolysis.
  2. Makutidwe ndi okosijeni wa pyruvate 12 ATP mamolekyulu.
  3. 22 molekyulu mlandu asidi mkombero tricarboxylic.

Subtotal: okwana aerobic kwachilengedwenso makutidwe ndi okosijeni ndi njira amapereka mphamvu zokolola wofanana mamolekyulu 36 ATP. Kutanthauza biooxidation zoonekeratu. Ndi mphamvu iyi ntchito ndi zamoyo ndi moyo ndi ntchito wamoyo, komanso kulimbitsa thupi lake, kuyenda ndi zinthu zina zofunika.

Gawo lapansi anaerobic makutidwe ndi okosijeni

Mtundu wachiwiri wa makutidwe ndi okosijeni kwachilengedwenso - pa anaerobic. Kuti ndi amene ikuchitika konse, koma zomwe mabasi mitundu ina ya tizilombo. Iwo glycolysis, ndipo apa kuti kusiyana ndi akuonekera bwino mu kutembenuka tsogolo zinthu pakati pa thupi ndi anaerobic.

Tizilombo makutidwe ndi okosijeni tingapite ichi ambiri.

  1. Glycolysis, mwachitsanzo makutidwe ndi okosijeni wa mamolekyulu shuga kwa pyruvate.
  2. Nayonso mphamvu, zikubweretsa kusinthika kwa ATP.

Nayonso mphamvu angakhale osiyanasiyana, malingana ndi chamoyo ndi, ndikukhazikitsa ake.

lactic nayonso

Ikuchitika mabakiteriya lactic acid ndi ena bowa. Mfundo yaikulu ndi kubwezeretsa PVC kwa asidi lactic. Zimenezi ntchito makampani kubala:

  • mkaka;
  • kuzifutsa masamba ndi zipatso;
  • silage nyama.

Mtundu wa nayonso mphamvu ndi imodzi mwa ntchito zofunika kwa munthu.

mowa nayonso

Mumadziwika anthu kwa nthawi amakezana. Akamanena za ndondomeko ndi kutembenuza STC ku mamolekyulu awiri Mowa ndi awiri mpweya. Kudzera mwa kuchoka mankhwala, mtundu wa nayonso mphamvu kuti apange:

  • mkate;
  • vinyo;
  • mowa;
  • Confectionery ndi zinthu zina.

Agwire bowa wake yisiti ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda.

butyric asidi nayonso

Wokwanira mtundu pang'onong'ono enieni nayonso mphamvu. Ananyamula mabakiteriya a mtundu Clostridium. Mfundo yaikulu imakhala mu kutembenuka kwa pyruvate ku asidi butyric, nayikapo zofukiza chakudya ndi kukoma rancid.

Choncho biooxidation anachita kupita pa njira iyi, ndi pafupifupi ntchito makampani. Komabe, mabakiteriya izi ndi kudzikonda seeded zakudya ndi mavuto, kutsitsa khalidwe lawo.

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