Neo-Babulo (626-539 gg. BC. E.). History of the Ancient East

Ancient Neo-Babulo analipo m'nthawi kuchokera zaka 626 539. BC. e. Pa pachimake pa Nebukadinezara II izo litatenga dera lonse la Mesopotamia, Yudeya, mpaka kumalire ndi Iguputo. Babulo anadzakhala likulu la chikhalidwe dziko ndi sayansi. Ngakhale mfundo yakuti mphamvu zonse pa nkhondo yake anansi. M'chaka cha 539 BC. e. Babulo anagonjetsedwa ndi Aperisiya ndi imfa ya ufulu.

Kupanduka kwa Nabopolassar

Chachiwiri Babulo, kapena Neo-Babulo, anali mulo a boma lakale, kamodzi anagonjetsedwa ndi Asuri. Mu 626 BC. e. bwanamkubwa wa Nabopolassar (Chaldean ndi mtundu) waganiza kusagwirizana kwa ufumu ndi kukhala woima wolamulira. Iye anatha analanda Babulo ndi kupanga likulu lake.

Bwino chiwembu linapangidwa zikomo zotheka chakuti pamaso pa aakulu ndi Asuri Ufumu wa VII. BC. e. Ankadwala mkati ndewu ndi banja nkhondo. Ndipotu kale utagawika mu malo angapo ndale ndipo sanathe kudziletsa Babulo. Kodi chinafunika mtsogoleri amene akhoza kukonza chiwembu. Iwo anakhala Nabopolassar. Iye anatha analanda mzinda zofunika pa malire pakati pa Firate - kwambiri chonde ndi olemera dera la ufumuwo. malo awa anali Uruk ndi Nippur.

Kugonjetsedwa komaliza kwa Asuri

Nabopolassar anali nthumwi aluso. Anapempha thandizo la Amedi, amene anapanga Babulo adzagwirizana nawo pankhondo yolimbana ndi Asuri. M'chaka 614 BC. e. Asuri - umodzi wa mizinda ikuluikulu kwambiri ya ufumuwo analandidwa. Wake anagonjetsa ndi kuwonongedwa. m'deralo anagulitsidwa ku ukapolo kapena othawa kukhala. Mbiri ya East Ancient, wodziŵika ndi nkhanza zake, ndi lingaliro limeneli, mafumu a ku Babulo anali chabe lililonse oimira m'nthawi imeneyo.

Ku Asuri anakhalabe m'manja mwa likulu Nineve, monga mwa chuma ndi ulemerero yopambana ngakhale Babulo. Mzinda uwu unali wotchuka laibulale Mapale, atulukira amene anathandiza archeologists ano kupeza mapepala ambiri wapadera ndi codify zilankhulo wakale akufa.

Mu 612 BC. e. Nineve anagwa patapita miyezi itatu kuzinga ndiponso kugwirira kucitika mwa anagwirizana asilikali a Ababulo ndi Amedi. Mzindawu unawonongedwa mu njira yomweyo monga Asuri. Mu malo ake, phulusa yekha ndi mabwinja anakhalabe. Last mfumu ya ku Asuri anadzipatsa pa moto m'nyumba yake, kuti kugwa m'manja mwa adani. Ndipotu, ufumu wake anawonongedwa. Asuri moti, ndi kukumbukira izo anaikidwa pansi mchenga wa Middle East. Babulo ndi Media anagawa m'dera analanda boma. M'tsogolo, mayiko nawonso bwinobwino anamenya nkhondo ya Asikuti zakutchire.

Chiyambi cha nkhondo ndi Afarao

Mu Nabopalasara anali mwana wa Nebukadinezara, amene anali kukhala m'malo mwake pa mpando wachifumu. Iye amayembekezeka kukhala mfumu wankulu wa Babulo ndipo wotchuka chizindikiro cha zimenezi anataya chitukuko. Atate adakali moyo anayesa kuphunzitsa wolowa mphamvu, kupita naye yokopa usilikali. Choncho, mu 607 BC. e. Neo-Babulo anabwera kupulumutsa kugwirizana naye okhulupirika a Amedi. maufumu awiri anamenya limodzi mu lamakono la Armenia ndi Urartu. Apa, kuti adzakhale mfumu ya Babulo aphunzire wapatali nkhondo, umene uli wofunika kwambiri kwa iye mu mukadzakula.

Mu zaka zingapo, mu 605 BC. e., Nabopolassar kulengeza nkhondo pa Egypt, amene mphamvu kuzunza malire mpanda wolimba wa mfumu pa mtsinje. Ngakhale Farao wogwidwa osati Dolinoy Nila, komanso lonse la Palestina, amene tsopano ali Israel. Neo-Babulo sakanakhoza kukhala chete, mpaka Aiguputo anakhala m'dera Asian.

Chigonjetso yoyamba Palestine

Nabopolassar anali wokalamba ndi odwala, asilikali kutsogoleredwa ndi Nebuchadnezzar. Farao Neko anatsutsa mdani asilikali, amenenso anali ogwirizana ake Nubians ndi mercenaries padziko lonse, kuphatikizapo Greece. Mu May 605 BC. e. pafupi ndi tauni ya Karikemisi ndi zoopsa nkhondo. Ababulo anali wopambana, ngakhale iye anapita kwa iwo pa mtengo wa munthu. nkhondo zinali zofunika m'nthawi yake, izo nkomwe mu Baibulo.

Kenako m'manja Palestina ndi Foinike potentates anayamba kupereka msonkho kuti ku Iguputo ndi Babulo. Koma Farao mwayi. Mukanalembedwanso inawonongedwa, ngati si Nebukadinezara analandira uthenga wa imfa ya bambo ake okalamba. Nkhondo nthawi analeka.

Ma Kugonjetsedwa

Nebukadinezara Wachiwiri wa Babulo akulamulira mu zaka 605-562. BC. e. History of the Ancient East amadziwa mfumu wamkulu womposa iye. Kuyambira pachiyambi cha ulamuliro wake, Farao anali ndi yogwira mfundo yachilendo, nayenso akulimbana ndi kugonjetsa anansi awo.

Imfa anasiya kampeni asilikali Iguputo. Kwa zaka ziwiri zoyambirira za kupeza pampando wachifumu wa Nebukadinezara Wachiwiri kuti andipeze. Chifukwa chakuti Ababulo adatuluka wa chigawo (dera pakati pa Firate ndipo Nyanja Mediterranean), olamulira anayesa kubwezeretsa mgwirizano ndi Farao. Choyamba pakuti analipira mzinda Asikeloni, amene anakhala mtundu wa Afilisiti.

doko pa Nyanja Mediterranean wakhala umodzi wa wolemera Palestine. Kudzera mwina linali amakezana malonda njira mayiko polumikiza Egypt ndi Syria, Mesopotamia, Greece ndi Rome. njira ankatchedwa 'msewu wa kunyanja. " eni mudzi anapanga phindu lalikulu ku ntchitoyi. Anaumba Asuri ankafunanso kuti muchepetse.

Mfumu ya Ascalon Adon, podziwa kuti iye anakumana ndi gulu lankhondo la Babulo, anatumiza amithenga ku Iguputo kuti kupempha thandizo kwa Neko II. Farao sanalole reinforcements, ndipo mu 603 BC. e. mzinda anatengedwa ndi mphepo yamkuntho.

Relations ndi Ayuda

Pambuyo chigonjetso iyi Neo-Babulo asilikali anatenga pang'ono, ndipo posakhalitsa ankalimbikitsa mbali ya Ayuda. Yerusalemu Mfumu Joachim sanafune kubwereza tsoka la Ascalon ndipo Nineve. Iye anatumiza akazembe Nebukadinezara mphatso za mtengo wapatali ndipo analonjeza kuti nthawi zonse kupereka msonkho. Izi Yerusalemu kupulumutsidwa ku chiwonongeko. Choncho mfumu ya Babulo analanda chigawo ndi Palestine, kuwamana mphamvu ya Farao wa ku Asia.

Pamene Nebukadinezara II anapita ku nkhondo ku Africa, mzinda Ayuda anapanduka, ndipo safuna kupereka msonkho. Mu 597 BC. e. Asilikali a ku Babulo anali kachiwiri pa makoma a Yerusalemu. Panthawi imeneyi, mphatso siopulumutsidwa Yehoyakimu. Anagwidwa ndi kuphedwa. M'malo mfumu anaphedwa ufumu anamangidwa ndi mwana wake Yehoyakini. Amalize kugonjetsa Yudeya ndi kumana ake choti adzawuka kachiwiri, Nebukadinezara Wachiwiri analamula kuti mupewe mamembala analanda ya mabanja yodalirika Ayuda.

Komabe, patapita zaka ziwiri Yekoniya anayamba kutsata ndondomeko umalimbana Babulo. Ndiye asilikali anabwera ku Yerusalemu, anagonjetsa nyumba ya mfumu ndi Kachisi wa Yerusalemu, kumene ambiri mwa zotsalira zopatulika anagwira. Yehoyakini anatengedwa ku ukapolo ku Mesopotamia, ndi mpando wachifumu inabzalidwa amalume ake Zedekiya. Komanso, mzinda anatumiza zikwi khumi Ayuda.

Babulo hegemony

Zaka makumi awiri cha ulamuliro wa Nebukadinezara Wachiwiri sankawabisira nkhondo ndi Iguputo ndi ogwirizana ake Asian. Pambuyo Yuda anagwa Foinike ndi mizinda yake wachuma wa ku Sidoni ndi Turo.

Komanso adagonjetsedwa Jordanian boma Moabu ndi Amoni. Ichi ndi yankho la funso la mayiko ndi anthu anagonjetsa Neo-Babulo. Farao wataya zonse nthambi zake. Mu 582 BC. e. mtendere pangano yosainidwa, umene de A jure amodzi Babulo hegemony mu Middle East.

Maluwa a dziko

Economic kupeza bwino dziko anakumana pansi Nebukadinezara, kulola kwathunthu kumanganso Babulo, pamaso mobwerezabwereza agwidwa pa ulamuliro Asuri. latsopano otchuka nyumba inamangidwa, ndi kumpoto kwa mzinda kunali lodziwika bwino atapachikidwa Gardens. Lamavutoli wapadera anali mmodzi wa zodabwitsa zisanu ndi ziwiri za dziko pa ndime ndi a yowunikira wa Alexandria, mapiramidi Aigupto, ndi zina zotero D..

Border Neo-Babulo adzatsekeredwa kulondera, koma Nebukadinezara II sanaiwale za chitetezo cha likulu lawo. Zakhala kwathunthu anamanganso linga la mzinda, lisanduke ndi phata angaloŵe. Zinali tikukonza, ndi bwino miyoyo ya anthu wamba. M'ufumu kumanga misewu yatsopano. Chifukwa cha iwo, amalonda padziko lonse mwamsanga muwoloke dziko ndi kugulitsa katundu wawo ku Babulo, umene kudzadza chuma.

Ancient East inkafika zikomo ake kuti chitukuko cha ulimi mu m'zigwa za chonde Mesopotamia. The Neo-Babulo anamanga maiwe ndi njira kuti amalola ulimi wothirira yokumba a madera atsopano.

Mafumu ndi ansembe

Mmodzi wa ziwaya chofunika kwambiri Nebukadinezara anali akamaliza kumanga nsanja yaitali ya kachisi otchuka Etemenanki, amene anali mumzindawo kuyambira nthawi ya Hammurabi. Ofufuza ndi ofukula amakhulupirira kuti ntchito yomanga zinachitika wa wotchuka Nsanja ya Babele. Kutalika kwa nyumba ukufika mamita 91, limene kwa nthawi iwo anali mbiri mtheradi.

Nsanja yaitali ya kachisi anali malo a utumiki kuti mwambo wa milungu. Mu Babulo waukulu chinamuthandiza ndi ansembe. kalasi anali yekhayo amene anali ndi mwayi ndikutsutsa chisankho cha mfumu. Mu njira zimene Ambuye analamulira Neo-Babulo? N'zochititsa chidwi apa kuti mfumu nthawi anakambirana ndi ansembe ndi sanachite popanda chilolezo awo.

Mwachitsanzo, Nebukadinezara anali makamaka amadalira kalasi achipembedzo. M'masiku ake am'tsogolo anali mtendere, chinkhoswe mu wamakono wa dziko lawo. Mfumuyo inafa mu 562 BC. e. Ndiye ku Babulo anayamba nthawi nkhondo mkati ndi zonse coups yachifumu. Mphamvu okha anapulumuka chifukwa cha malire chitetezo, amene anaimiridwa mu ulamuliro Nabopolassara Nebukadinezara Wachiwiri.

Nkhondo ndi Perisiya

Chachiwiri Babulo anatayika chifukwa kuwuka kwa mphamvu zatsopano - Persia. dziko ankalamulidwa ndi Achaemenid mafumu, choncho limatchedwa historiography wa Achaemenid Ufumu. State anaonekera mu 550 BC. e. Idamangidwa Koresi II Wamkulu, yemwe anabwera mphamvu kupanduka bwino ndi Amedi.

Kuyambira pachiyambi, ndi Wachiwiri wa Babulo ndi Perisiya ufumu anadzakhala adani. nkhondo Ichi ndi chifukwa kuziyeneleza kwa mafumu, komanso kusiyana zipembedzo ndi zinenero lokhalamo anthu a dziko.

Choyamba Babulo kuthandiza maufumu amene anali pa njira patsogolo Persian. Cyrus II nayenso anagonjetsa Media, Lydia, Ionia, Caria ndi Lycia. Awa anali m'dziko Iran ndi chilumba Malaya Aziya. Pambuyo bwino koyamba, Cyrus anaganiza kuti aukire kale ku Babulo yokha.

Nabonidus ndi Koresi

Wolamulira yomaliza ya ufumu Chachiwiri Nabonidus anaonekera nkhope ya pangozi. Iye analandira thandizo pang'ono kuchokera Egypt, koma si thandizo kwambiri kwa iye. Babulo kuzidya kuchokera mkati zotsutsana dziko. The vuto lalikulu anakhalabe Ayuda wosakhazikika amene anapitiriza kukana chinyengo aliyense, ngakhale chitsutsocho ndiponso mobwerezabwereza kugwa kwa Yerusalemu.

Pamene Koresi anaukira Neo-Babulo, zinali pachimake chiwembu dziko. Mantha akazembe olamulira zigawo mbali ya Aperisiya, kuti apulumutse moyo wake. Mdani asilikali anagonjetsa Babulo mu 539 BC. e. Pambuyo pake, tawuni zotayika tanthauzo lake ndale. Cyrus yokhala kumanzere mutu wa mfumu ya Babulo, koma dziko palokha anasiya ufulu wodzilamulira.

Ngakhale Babulo anadzakhala likulu la Aleksandra Makedonskogo, koma mu III m'ma BC. e. potsiriza sanali kumusamalira ndipo anali wopanda kanthu. Mabwinja kuti chidwi cha ofukula zamakono kokha m'zaka za m'ma XIX.