Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky: mwachidule biography, zopindulitsa, zofufuza

Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky - katswiri wa masamu wa ku Russia, kwa zaka makumi anayi - wolemba za University of Kazan, yemwe ndi wovomerezeka pophunzitsa anthu, amene anayambitsa geometry yomwe siili Euclidean.

Uyu ndi munthu amene anakhalapo zaka makumi angapo asanakhalepo ndipo anakhalabe osamvetsetseka masiku ano.

Biography ya Lobachevsky Nikolai Ivanovich

Nikolay anabadwa pa December 11, 1792 m'banja losauka la mkulu wa asilikali dzina lake Ivan Maksimovich ndi Praskovia Alexandrovna. Malo obadwira masamu a masamu Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky - Nizhny Novgorod. Ali ndi zaka 9, atamwalira bambo ake, amanyamula amayi ake ku Kazan ndipo mu 1802 anavomerezedwa ku masewera olimbitsa thupi. Itatha itatha mu 1807, Nikolai anakhala wophunzira pa yunivesite yatsopano ya Kazan Imperial.

Pansi pa kuphunzitsidwa kwa MF Bartels

Gregory Ivanovich Kartashevsky anatha kuphunzitsa chikondi chapadera pa sayansi ya physico-maths kwa katswiri wamtsogolo, mphunzitsi waluso yemwe ankadziwa ndi kuyamikira ntchito yake mozama. Mwamwayi, kumapeto kwa 1806, chifukwa chosagwirizana ndi utsogoleri wa yunivesite "powonetsera mzimu wosamvera ndi kusagwirizana" iye anachotsedwa ntchito ku yunivesite. Mikhail M. Bartels, mphunzitsi ndi bwenzi la wotchuka Karl Friedrich Gauss, anayamba kuphunzitsa maphunziro masamu. Atafika m'chaka cha 1808 ku Kazan, adatengapo mwayi pa wophunzira wokhoza komanso wosauka.

Mphunzitsi watsopanoyo analola kuti Lobachevsky apambane, yemwe anali kuyang'aniridwa ndi ntchitoyi, anaphunzira ntchito zoterezi monga "Theory Number" ya Karl Gauss ndi "Magetsi a Celestial" ndi wasayansi wa ku French Pierre-Simon Laplace. Chifukwa cha kusamvera, kupirira ndi zizindikiro zosapembedza pa maphunziro apamwamba kuposa Nicholas, kuthekera kwa kuchotsedwa kwapachikidwa. Ndizovomerezeka kwa Bartels zomwe zathandiza kuthetsa ngozi yomwe ikupezeka pa wophunzira wophunzira.

University of Kazan mu moyo wa Lobachevsky

Mu 1811, kumapeto kwa yunivesite, Lobachevsky Nikolai Ivanovich, yemwe mbiri yake yaifupi imadzutsa chidwi pakati pa achinyamata, adavomerezedwa ndi mphunzitsi mu masamu ndi fizikiya ndipo anasiya sukulu. Maphunziro awiri a sayansi - mu algebra ndi makina, operekedwa mu 1814 (kuposa kale lonse), adatsogolera kukonzekera kuti azigwirizana ndi aphunzitsi (othandizira aphunzitsi). Kuwonjezera apo, Lobachevsky Nikolai Ivanovich, omwe machitidwe ake adzalingalira bwino ndi ana, adayamba kuphunzitsa, pang'onopang'ono akuwonjezera maphunziro ake (masamu, astronomy, physics) ndikuganizira mozama za kusintha kwa masamu. Ophunzira ankakonda komanso amayamikira kwambiri Lobachevsky, omwe anali atatha chaka chimodzi analandira mutu wa pulofesa wodabwitsa.

Malamulo atsopano a Magnitsky

Pofuna kuthetsa kusokoneza maganizo komanso kusintha maganizo kwa anthu, boma la Alexander I linayamba kudalira malingaliro a chipembedzo ndi ziphunzitso zake zachilendo ndi zachikhristu. Mayesero oyamba oyambirira anali mayunivesite. Mu March 1819, ML Magnitsky, nthumwi ya bungwe lalikulu la sukulu, yemwe adasamalira ntchito yake, anadza ku ofesi yapamwamba ya maphunziro a Kazan ndi kukonzanso. Malinga ndi zotsatira za kufufuza kwake, zochitika pa yunivesite zinasokoneza kwambiri: maphunziro osakwanira a ophunzira a bungwe limeneli adayambitsa mavuto kwa anthu. Choncho, yunivesite inafunika kuti iwonongeke (powononga pagulu) - pogwiritsa ntchito chitsanzo chophunzitsira ena.

Komabe, Alexander I anaganiza zothetsa vutoli ndi manja a woyang'anira yemweyo, ndipo Magnitsky ndi changu chapadera adayamba "kukonza zinthu" m'makoma a bungwe: adachotsa aprofesa 9 kuntchito yake, adayambitsa mayankho okhwima ndi boma lolimba.

Zochitika zambiri za Lobachevsky

Biography Lobachevsky Nikolai Ivanovich akulongosola nyengo yovuta ya tchalitchi-apolisi omwe anakhazikitsidwa ku yunivesite, yokhala ndi zaka 7. Kulimbana ndi mayesero ovuta kunathandiza mphamvu ya recalcitrant mzimu ndi ntchito yeniyeni ya sayansi, yemwe sanasiye mphindi imodzi yopanda nthawi.

Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky anasintha Bartels, amene adachoka ku makoma a yunivesite, naphunzitsa masamu pazochitika zonse, nayenso adakhala ndi nduna ndikuwerenga nkhaniyo, amaphunzitsa ophunzira a sayansi ya zakuthambo ndi azimayi, pamene IM Simonov anali paulendo wapadziko lonse. Ntchito yayikulu idaperekedwa ndi iye poika laibulaleyi, ndikukwaniritsa gawo lake lachilengedwe ndi masamu. Ali panjira, katswiri wa masamu Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky, pokhala tcheyamani wa komiti yomanga, anayang'anira ntchito yomanga nyumba yaikulu ya yunivesite ndipo kwa nthawi ndithu adakhala udindo wa woyang'anira physics ndi masamu.

Non-Euclidean maginito a Lobachevsky

Ntchito yambiri yamakono, maphunziro akuluakulu, maulendo ndi kafukufuku sizinalepheretse katswiri wa masamu: kuchokera pa cholembera chake panafika mabuku awiri a masewera olimbitsa thupi - "Algebra" (ovomerezeka kugwiritsa ntchito miyeso yamakono) ndi "Geometry" (osatulutsidwa konse ). A Magnitsky, a ku Nikolai Ivanovich anayang'anira mwakhama, chifukwa cha kunyalanyaza ndi kuphwanya malamulo ake. Komabe, m'mikhalidwe iyi, pochita manyazi ndi ulemu waumunthu, Lobachevsky Nikolai Ivanovich anagwira ntchito mwakhama pa zomangamanga zomangamanga. Chotsatira cha ntchito yotereyi chinali kupezeka kwa zatsopano za sayansi ndi asayansi, zomwe zinakwaniritsidwa pa njira yowonongeka kwakukulu kwa mfundo za Euclidean nyengo (Zakariya zaka BC).

M'nyengo yozizira ya m'chaka cha 1826, katswiri wa masamu wa ku Russia anapanga lipoti la ziphunzitso zamakono, napita kukumbukira aphunzitsi ena apamwamba. Komabe, kuyembekezera kuyembekezera (osati zabwino kapena ngakhale zoipa) kunalandiridwa, ndipo zolembedwera za lipoti lofunika sizinafikirepo nthawi zathu. Wasayansi anaphatikiza mfundo izi mu ntchito yake yoyamba On The Principles of Geometry, lofalitsidwa mu 1829-1830. Mu "Gazette ya Kazan". Kuwonjezera pa kupereka zofunikira zofunika zamagetsi, Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky anafotokoza tanthauzo loyeretsedwa la ntchito (momveka bwino kufotokoza kupitiriza kwake ndi kusiyana kwake), mopanda kutengera chifukwa cha chiwerengero cha masamu a Chijeremani Dirichlet. Ndiponso, asayansi anafufuza mosamalitsa maphunziro a trigonometric series, pafupifupi zaka makumi angapo pambuyo pake. Katswiri wa masamu waluso ndi amene analemba njira yothetsera mayina, omwe panthawiyi adatchedwa "njira ya Greff".

Lobachevsky Nikolai Ivanovich: zochititsa chidwi

Woyang'anira Magnitsky, yemwe anali akuopa zochita zake kwa zaka zingapo, adadikira chilango chosasinthika: chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa mazunzo omwe adawonetsedwa ndi apolisi wapadera, adathamangitsidwa ndi kutengedwa ukapolo. Mikhail Nikolayevich Musin-Pushkin anasankhidwa kukhala wothandizira wotsatira wa bungwe la maphunziro, yemwe adatha kuyamikira ntchito yogwira ntchito ya Nikolai Lobachevsky ndipo adamulangiza kuti adziwe ntchito yoyang'anira University of Kazan.

Kuyambira m'chaka cha 1827, Lobachevsky Nikolai Ivanovich (chithunzi cha chikumbutso cha Kazan pamwambapa) kwa zaka 19, anagwira ntchito mwakhama pantchito imeneyi, kufunafuna mwana wake wokondedwa. Chifukwa cha Lobachevsky - kusintha kosavuta pazochita za sayansi ndi maphunziro ambiri, kumanga nyumba zambiri zaofesi (maofesi, makalata, ma laboratory, zakuthambo ndi maginito owonetsera masewera, masewera a masewera, masewero ovomerezeka ). Komanso, wolemba mabukuyo ndi amene anayambitsa magazini ya sayansi yamphamvu "Uchenye zapiski Kazanskogo Universiteta", yomwe inalowetsa "Kazan Gazette" ndipo inafalitsidwa koyamba mu 1834. Mofanana ndi adctor kwa zaka zisanu ndi zitatu, Nikolai Ivanovich analamulira laibulale, ankachita ntchito yophunzitsa, analemba zolemba kwa aphunzitsi a masamu.

Zochita za Lobachevsky sizingatheke chifukwa chochokera pansi pa mtima kuchokera ku yunivesite ndi ophunzira ake. Choncho, mu 1830 adatha kupatulira gawo la maphunziro ndikupanga disinfection kuti apulumutse gulu lonse la maphunziro kuchokera ku mliri wa kolera. Pa moto woopsya kwambiri ku Kazan (1842), adatha kupulumutsa pafupifupi nyumba zonse zophunzitsa, zipangizo zakuthambo ndi zipangizo zamakalata. Komanso, Nikolai Ivanovich anatsegulira kwaulere ku laibulale ya yunivesite ndi museums kwa anthu ambirimbiri ndi magulu ophunzitsidwa ndi sayansi ambiri.

Chifukwa cha zoyesayesa zodabwitsa za Lobachevsky, yunivesite ya Kazan, yoyamba bwino, yokonzekera bwino, inakhala imodzi mwa maphunziro abwino kwambiri ku Russia.

Kusamvetsetsa ndi kusagwirizana ndi malingaliro a masamu a ku Russia

Nthawi zonse katswiri wa masamu sanasiye kufufuza komwe kumayambitsa kupanga geometry yatsopano. Mwamwayi, malingaliro ake - mozama ndi atsopano, anali osiyana kwambiri ndi axioms omwe amavomerezedwa omwe masiku ano alephera, ndipo mwina sanafune kuyamikira ntchito za Lobachevsky. Kusamvetsetsana ndipo, pang'onopang'ono, kunyoza sikulepheretsa Nikolai Ivanovich: mu 1835 iye adafalitsa "Imaginary Geometry", ndipo patapita chaka - "Kugwiritsa ntchito kuganiza kwa geometry kuzinthu zina." Patadutsa zaka zitatu, kuwala kunawona ntchito yaikulu kwambiri "The New Beginnings of Geometry ndi Complete Theory of Parallel", yomwe inali ndi laconic, momveka bwino kufotokozera za mfundo zake zazikulu.

Nthawi yovuta pamoyo wa masamu

Lobachevsky asanamvetse bwino dziko lake, anaganiza zogwirizana ndi anthu osiyana ndi malire awo. Mu 1840 Lobachevsky Nikolai Ivanovich (chithunzi akuwona muzokambirana) adafalitsa ntchito yake ndi ziganizo zomveka bwino m'Chijeremani. Kapepala kamodzi kabukhu kamene kanaperekedwa kwa Gauss, yemwe mwiniwakeyo anali kugwiriridwa mwachinsinsi osati magulu a geometry, koma sanayambe kulankhula pagulu ndi maganizo ake. Atadziŵika ndi ntchito za mnzake wa ku Russia, German adalangiza kuti amasankha mnzake wina wa ku Russia ku GßTttingen Royal Society monga membala wolingana. Anaseka Lobachevsky Gauss m'mabuku ake komanso pakati pa anthu odalirika. Kusankhidwa kwa Lobachevsky kunalibebe; Zinachitika mu 1842, koma udindo wa asayansi wa ku Russia sunapite patsogolo: anayenera kugwira ntchito ku yunivesite kwa zaka zinayi.

Boma la Nicholas I sanafune kufufuza ntchito za zaka zambiri za Lobachevsky Nikolai Ivanovich ndipo mu 1846 anamuchotsa kuntchito yake ku yunivesite, poyitanitsa chifukwa chake: kuwonongeka kwakukulu kwa thanzi. Mwachizoloŵezi, woyang'anira kale ankapatsidwa udindo wothandizira, koma popanda kusankhidwa kwa malipiro. Posakhalitsa asanatuluke ku positi komanso kulembedwa kwa dipatimenti ya a professorial, Lobachevsky Nikolai Ivanovich, yemwe ali ndi mbiri yochepa yophunzirirapo m'mabungwe a maphunziro, analimbikitsa m'malo mwa A. Popov, mphunzitsi wa ku Kazan Gymnasium, amene adatsutsa mwatsatanetsatane zachipatalachi. Nikolai Ivanovich ankawona kuti ndi kofunikira kuti apereke njira yoyenera pamoyo kwa asayansi watsopano wodziwa bwino ndipo sankayenera kukhala ndi mpando wotere. Koma, atasowa chirichonse mwakamodzi ndikudzipezera yekha payekha zosafunika kwenikweni, Lobachevsky anataya mwayi wokha kutsogolera yunivesite, komabe nayenso amagwira nawo mbali pa ntchito za bungwe la maphunziro.

M'moyo wake wa banja, Lobachevsky Nikolai Ivanovich kuyambira 1832 anakwatira Varvara Alekseevna Moiseeva. Muukwati uwu, ana 18 anabadwira, koma asanu ndi awiri okha adapulumuka.

Zaka zotsiriza za moyo

Kuthamangitsidwa kuchoka ku chifukwa cha moyo wake wonse, kukanidwa kwatsopano, kuyamikira kwakukulu kwa anthu a m'nthaŵi yake, kuwonongeka kwakukulu kwa chikhalidwe chake (chifukwa cha kuwonongeka, katundu wa mkazi wake adagulitsidwa ndi ngongole) ndi chisoni cha banja (imfa ya mwana wake wamwamuna wamkulu mu 1852) inakhudza thanzi lauzimu ndi lauzimu Katswiri wa masamu wa ku Russian: anaoneka kuti anatsika ndipo anayamba kuona. Koma ngakhale a Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky amene anachititsidwa khungu sanasiye kupita ku mayesero, anabwera ku zochitika zodziwika kwambiri, adagwirizana nawo pa zokambirana za maphunziro ndipo anapitiriza kugwira ntchito kuti apindule ndi sayansi. Ntchito yaikulu ya masamu a masamu a ku Russia "Pangeometry" inalembedwa ndi ophunzira pansi pa lamulo la Lobachevsky yemwe anachititsidwa khungu chaka chatha asanafe.

Lobachevsky Nikolai Ivanovich, amene anapeza zogwiritsidwa ntchito mu geometry anawerengedwa zaka makumi angapo pambuyo pake, sikuti yekhayo anali wofufuzira m'munda watsopano wa masamu. Wasayansi wina wa ku Hungary, dzina lake Janos Bojai, mosasamala kanthu ndi mnzake wa ku Russia, anabweretsa masomphenya ake osati a Euclidean geometry ku khoti la anzake mu 1832. Komabe, ntchito zake sizinavomerezedwe ndi anthu amasiku ano.

Moyo wa wasayansi wapamwamba, wodzipereka kwathunthu ku sayansi ya Russia ndi Kazan University, unatha pa 24 February 1856. Anamuika Lobachevsky, yemwe sankadziwika pa moyo wake, ku Kazan, m'manda a Arskoye. Pambuyo pazaka makumi angapo zomwe zakhala zikuchitika mu sayansi zimasintha kwambiri. Ntchito yaikulu yovomerezeka ndi kuvomereza ntchito za Nikolai Lobachevsky inasewedwa ndi maphunziro a Henri Poincare, Eugenio Beltrami, Felix Klein. Kumvetsetsa kuti njira zowonjezera zowonekera mu Euclidean geometry zinali ndi mphamvu yaikulu pa sayansi ndipo zinapangitsa kuti ena aziganiza molimba mtima mu sayansi yeniyeni.

Malo ndi tsiku la kubadwa kwa Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky amadziŵika kwa anthu ambiri amasiku ano, omwe amagwirizana ndi sayansi yeniyeni. Polemekeza Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky ankatchedwa chipwando pa mwezi. Dzina la wasayansi wamkulu wa Russia ndi laibulale ya sayansi ya yunivesite ku Kazan, komwe iye anapereka chinthu chachikulu cha moyo wake. Misewu ya Lobachevsky imapezekanso m'midzi yambiri ya ku Russia, kuphatikizapo Moscow, Kazan, ndi Lipetsk.