Nkhondo ya Hastings (lalifupi)

Mu October 1066, pafupi ndi tauni English a Hastings icho chinali chimodzi cha nkhondo zoipitsitsa Zapakati. Zinali kugwirizana lotsatira mu atasemphana ya Normandy ndi Anglo-Saxon. Nkhondo imeneyi, zotsatira zake wakhala akuthandiza kwambiri pa njira tsogolo la mbiri European, momvetsa chisoni kwa British ndi Mfumu Harold II. Pokumbukira ana waliteteza monga Nkhondo ya Hastings.

Zochitika zimene zikufika ku nkhondo

Koma ife tisanayambe kuyankhula za nkhondo yokha, kunena mawu ochepa za zimene zinachitika m'mbuyomo anali chifukwa izo. Mfundo yakuti mtsogoleri wa Norman Duke William analandira kwa Mfumu Edward woyamba wa Confessor analumbira lonjezo lakuti iye Akamulowetsa wolandira korona English. Chifukwa cha ichi chinali chakuti ngakhale pamaso pa inalowa mfumuyo, Edward, ndi chifukwa choopera chifukwa moyo wake, anakhala zaka 28 ku Normandy pansi pa zothandizira mipingo yawo ya Duke ya m'dzikolo.

Komabe, mavutowo anatha ndipo Edward anabwerera ku England bwinobwino imachitika pa mpando wachifumu wa zaka ndinapatsidwa iye tsoka, iye anaiwala lumbiro lake, nafa sanadzisiyira malangizo alionse mokomera kubwera kwa korona wa Norman Duke William. Pambuyo pa imfa yake, anakwera ku English wachifumu msuweni Edward - New England Mfumu Harold II. Monga munthu aliyense adzawasocheretsa, William anatsutsa, ndi chifukwa cha mkwiyo wake anayamba ankafika zikwi zisanu ndi ziwiri Norman Army September 28, 1066, ya ku England ndipo anayamba zomvetsa chisoni kuti British Korona Nkhondo ya Hastings.

Nkhondo ya Normandy

Kubwera kwa Normandy pa magombe a Albion anayang'ana chidwi kwambiri. Malinga ndi zosiyana, anawoloka English Channel pa zombo chikwi. Ngakhale chithunzi izi akukokomeza, akadali flotilla ofanana anali kudzaza ndi malo onse owoneka, mpaka kaja.

Ine ndiyenera kunena kuti Duke William anasankha kugonjetsa mphindi yabwino kwambiri. Chaka Nkhondo ya Hastings zinali zovuta kwambiri kwa British. Atatsala pang'ono kuti iwo anali kumenyana ndi ankhondowo ena - Norwegians. Asilikali English anapambana chigonjetso pa iwo, koma iye anali atatopa ndi zofunika zina, chifukwa adani ake anali ndi mopanda mantha wotchuka ankhondo - ndi Scandinavia. Nkhondo ya Hastings, Motero doubly zovuta kwa iwo. Korol Garold analandira mbiri Wilhelm kuwukira, pamene ku New York, kumene kuchita kuligonjetsa nkhokwe ndi zinthu zina zokhudzana ndi nkhondo.

The awiri ankhondo amphamvu a ku Ulaya

Nthawi yomweyo anasonkhanitsa mphamvu zonse zilipo pa kutaya, mfumu komweko kukakumana ndi mdani, ndipo kale pa October 13, anafika pafupi ndi msasa, anagawa ndi Normandy mu makilomita 11 kuchokera mumzinda wa Hastings. Isanafike chiyambi cha nkhondo anakhalabe kokha patsiku - tsiku lomaliza la King Harold II, ndipo ambiri mwa anthu omwe anali pansi mbendera yake.

Yaiwisi yophukira m'mawa pa munda, ali retracted wamba ndi chifukwa adachitira ndi wosakongola, anavomereza awiri makamu yaikulu ya Ulaya. manambala awo anali pafupi ofanana, koma qualitatively iwo ali modabwitsa osiyana Chrixitu. asilikali Duke William inkakhala makamaka a asilikali akatswiri bwino zida ophunzitsidwa ndipo anali kumbuyo kwake chochitika wolemera asilikali.

Zofooka wa asilikali a Mfumu Harold

Mosiyana ndi adani awo a Anglo-Saxon anabweretsa ku munda wa nkhondo asilikali, mbali yaikulu imene zinakhazikitsa ku militias wamba, ndi mbali yaing'ono chabe ya servicemen ake anali oimira anthu otchuka ndi asilikali osankhika - zawo achifumu retinue. Atangotuluka mu dzikolo malupanga awiri anaperekedwa, nkhondo nkhwangwa ndi nthungo, pamene militias armament wopangidwa ndi zinthu zambiri mwachisawawa - wamba pitchforks, nkhwangwa, kapena kungoti Dubin miyala kuwakonda.

Ndipo ziwiri zofunika kwambiri kusowa achingelezi asilikali - analibe apakavalo ndi amauta. N'zovuta kunena chifukwa izo zinachitika, koma masiku amenewo, kusunthira pa kavalo British chisanadze nkhondo anatsika pa bulu nagwada ndipo anapitiriza kuukira amangoyenda pansi. Ndiponso, samveka ndi kupanda anyezi, ili chida champhamvu komanso zothandiza kwa Ages Middle. Pamwamba pa zonse tisaiwale kuti ulendo mofulumira kudutsa dziko sanathe akhala akuwavutitsa ndi kale otopa mphamvu kale nkhondo.

Tsiku pamene nkhondo ya Hastings

Kotero, chirichonse chiri chokonzeka pa nkhondo zoopsa. 9 koloko 14 October 1066 izo ayamba wotchuka Nkhondo ya Hastings. Mwachidule kufotokoza udindo wa makamu aŵiri chiyambi chake, tiyenera okha kuona kuti British alimbane, kukoka patsogolo zida zamphamvu, koma ochepa osankhika mayunitsi, ndi zishango zawo serried anali bwino zida, ngakhale zonse kumenyana mzimu wamba asilikali.

The Normandy Anamanga mizati nkhondowo atatu, amene anawalola kuchita ayendetsa malinga ndi vutolo. mapiko awo kumanzere unalembedwa cha Bretons, pomwe - a mercenaries French, ndi pakati pa magulu waukulu anali anaikira - lolemera, zida atavala Norman Ankhondo kutsogozedwa ndi Duke. Kutsogolo kwa mphamvu zazikulu anali oponya mivi ndi crossbowmen, anagunda mdani asanalowe mu kukhudzana ndi izo.

Chiyambi cha nkhondo

Nkhondo ya Hastings wazunguliridwa ndi nthano zambiri, ndipo tsopano kovuta kusiyanitsa zochitika zenizeni ndi zopeka. Choncho, ena mabuku limatiuza kuti linayamba ndi mwambo kuti nthawi ya machesi. Mighty Norman Knight dzina lake Ivo otchedwa duel palibe ulemerero pang'ono msilikali pa kagulu ka King Harold. Kumumenya nkhondo chilungamo, iye, malinga ndi miyambo ya chi, ndi England kudula mutu ndi anam'tenga ngati mpikisano wa. Choncho Kalanga kwa Anglo-Saxon pa Hastings, nkhondo inayambika. Aphedwa sanali mmodzi wa asilikali anaphedwa ndi amene munthu gulu lonse lankhondo la Mfumu Harold.

Atalimbikitsidwa ndi kupambana iyi Normandy anali woyamba nkhondo. Reporter zaka amenewa akusonyeza kuti oponya mivi awo ndi crossbowmen amapatsa kagulu ka Anglo-Saxon mtambo wa mivi ndi akapichi crossbow, koma zobisika kuseri zishango serried kuyimilira kutsogolo mayunitsi osankhika, iwo anali pafupifupi wambawamba. Ndiyeno Normandy anasonyeza luso woona kuwombera. Iwo anatumiza Mivi yawo pafupifupi vertically oposa, ndi amene anafotokozedwa mpweya lolingana njira yodutsamo, anagunda mdani pamwamba, kupulula kuwonongeka ndithu.

Kuukira apakavalo katundu wa Normandy

Zotsatirazi yanthaŵi chapadera cha nkhondo matenda aakulu a Norman apakavalo. Atavala mu Ankhondo zida anathamangira kutsogolo kusesa zonse mu njira yake. Koma tiyenera kupereka msonkho kwa mtima wa British: iwo sanali flinch pamaso adakhala chigumukire. Monga zanenedwa wanu, mizere wawo woyamba anali ankhondo ndi zida zamphamvu kwa asilikali la Duke.

Akanagwiritsa ntchito anali otchedwa nkhwangwa Chidanishi. Iwo mwapadera nkhondo nkhwangwa ndi chogwirira ndi theka mamita yaitali. Malinga okha, ndi limakhudza chida ndi kuligaŵa Knight atavala zida ndi kavalo wake. Chifukwa cha Norman apakavalo anabwerera anakhumudwitsa awiri.

onyenga yonyamuka Wopezerera

Koma pa nthawi ino pa pambali yakumanzere ya zochitika zinachitika zosayembekezeka British. The Normandy ali mwaluso kwambiri anagwiritsa ntchito njira ya mthunzi onyenga, anasonyeza bwino kwambiri ndi Mgwirizano. Mokhutiritsa anatsanzira mabungwe awo mantha ndi mthunzi, Normandy chikwiyire a Anglo-Saxon pa counterattack osakonzekera, kutsegula malo awo ndi mavuto osaneneka.

Ankakopa kuchokera onse a karate mizere ya mbali yaikulu ya amuna, ndi Normandy mwadzidzidzi anatembenuka, kukumbatirana mphete awo wandiweyani ndi kuwononga aliyense lomaliza. Mwatsoka, asilikali King Harold afalitsa za m'mbuyo pang'ono izi, maganizo alionse amene analola adani mobwerezabwereza kubwereza njomba ofanana.

Pa imfa ya Mfumu Harold

The zomvetsa anavutika ndi la Britain, kumene, kufooketsa kumenyana mphamvu zawo, komabe iwo anapitiriza kupereka kukana kwambiri mdani, ndi amene amadziwa zomwe zotsatira kukadamuyenera nkhondo ya Hastings, ngati si ngozi, zinthu zambiri chifukwa cha zotsatirapo zake zimakhala zoopsa za nkhondo kwa England.

Mbiri amafotokoza za zaka limatiuza kuti opandamantha Korol Garold II kwambiri anamuvulaza muvi mwachisawawa. Iwo anamulasa diso lake lamanja, koma, malinga ndi olemba chomwecho, mtima wankhondo kumanzere dongosolo - anatulutsa muvi ndi manja magazi, kachiwiri anathamangira nkhondoyo. Koma chokumana ndi choipa, iye adzasadzidwa posachedwa Norman Ankhondo. Pafupifupi imodzi ndi izo ndi kupha onse m'bale wake adalamulira asilikali.

Kugonjetsedwa ndi imfa ya asilikali achingelezi

Choncho, mfumu anaphedwa pa Nkhondo ya Hastings, pamodzi ndi abale ake. Achingelezi asilikali, opanda lamulo, anataya chinthu chofunika kwambiri - ankhondo mzimu. Chifukwa, mu nkhani mphindi magulu ankhondo yoopsa unali khamu nkhongono kuthawa. The Normandy anali kugwira ndi misala ndi mantha a anthu ndipo anawapha iwo mwankhanza.

Choncho ignominiously kwa English korona nkhondo inatha pa Hastings. Mfumu anaphedwa, ndipo thupi lake anatengedwa kudula ndi London maliro. Anafa ndi abale ake, ndi pamodzi kunkhondo anakhalabe atagona asilikali zikwi zingapo amene anafera mfumu yawo. chisamaliro British za mbiri yawo, ndi kumene zaka zambiri zapitazo, kunali nkhondo imeneyi, obisika linakhazikitsidwa, ndi guwa waukulu wa mpingo ndi chimodzimodzi kumene anapha Harold II.

Kugonjetsedwa, amene anapereka kutsogolera kukula kwa mphamvu

Popeza anapambana pa Hastings, Duke William anatumiza asilikali ake pa London mbaenda popanda movutikira kwambiri. The apamwamba achingelezi anakakamizika kuvomereza ufulu wake wachifumu, ndi mu December 1066 anavekedwa. Ofufuza amakono, zimenezi kuti udasintha modabwitsa njira yonse ya mbiri European. Ndi inalowa mfumuyo, Duke William anatenga m'mbiri ya wakale ndi achikale akuti wake achingelezi dziko, m'malo mwa centralized ang'onoang'ono mafumu, zochokera mphamvu amphamvu achifumu.

Iwo anapereka kutsogolera zamphamvu zimene analola England kwa nthawi yochepa kuti akhale mmodzi mwa anayamba mitundu European. Ngakhale kuti mfumu anaphedwa pa Nkhondo ya Hastings ndi asilikali ake anagonjetsedwa, kugonjetsedwa inasanduka phindu unquestionable boma. Panali munthu wa paradoxes kuti ndi opatsa mbiri. "Ndani anapambana nkhondo" Mudzifunse nokha funso yankho ndi lodziwikiratu - ndi Normandy. Tandiuza amene pamapeto pake analandira kwa phindu umenewu? England. Choncho kuyankha funso la amene anapambana nkhondo ya Hastings, musati ndifulumire.

Chinyezimiritso cha chochitika mu chikhalidwe chi

Ichi ndi wosaiwalika, amene adatenga asanu ndi theka zaka zapitazo, nthawi zonse chidwi pakati pa asayansi, anthu a luso, ndi chabe amene amakonda kukumba mu fumbi la kalelo. Mu mabuku, Yoswa ntchito yake Heine ndi AK Tolstoy. Chitaliyana mphamvu zitsulo gulu "Madzhesti" linatuluka mu 2002. Album wodzipereka kwa nkhondoyi. Pamafunikanso mayendedwe 12. A Opanga filimuyi British anajambula mafilimu ziwiri, nkhani yomwe zochokera nkhondo wotchuka.

Mu ubwana izo unakhala wotchuka masewera kompyuta analenga potengera nkhani ya mwambo umenewu. Izo basi dzina lake lenileni kawirikawiri kutchulidwa molakwika, pogwiritsa ntchito mawu akuti "Nkhondo ya Hastings". Komabe, ichi ndi mtengo wa zosokoneza unyamata. Ambiri chidwi waukulu chonchi m'mbiri ndi zochitika zaka za makedzana zoona, mfundo zolimbikitsa kwambiri.