The Novgorod Veche. Mbiri ya Republic of Novgorod

Dziko la Novgorod ku Middle Ages linkatengedwa kuti ndilo lalikulu kwambiri la malonda. Kuchokera kuno kunali kotheka kufika kumayiko akumadzulo kwa Ulaya ndi ku nyanja ya Baltic. Volga Bulgaria yomwe inali pafupi kwambiri, Vladimir. Pa Volga panali msewu wa kumayiko akumidzi akummawa. Komanso, panali msewu "wochokera ku Varangians kupita ku Greece." Kwa oyenda pamtsinje. Zombozo zinabwera kuchokera ku mizinda ndi m'mayiko osiyanasiyana. Amalonda ochokera ku Sweden, Germany ndi mayiko ena anabwera kuno. Mzinda womwewo wa Novgorod kunali ma Gothic ndi Germany adiresi zamalonda. Kunja kwina, anthu okhalamo ankabweretsa zikopa, uchi, fulakesi, furs, sera, walrus. Kuchokera m'mayiko ena, iwo amabweretsa tini, mkuwa, vinyo, zokongoletsera, nsalu, zida, maswiti ndi zipatso zouma.

Bungwe la gawolo

Dziko la Novgorod pasanafike zaka za XII linali gawo la Kievan Rus. Mu maphunziro oyendetsera ntchito omwe adagwiritsa ntchito ndalama zawo, malamulo omwe ankalamulira anthu, popanda kuganizira malamulo omwe adakhazikitsidwa m'madera ena a dziko, panali asilikali. Akalonga aakulu a Kiev anaika ana aamuna okondedwa kwambiri ku Novgorod. Pamodzi ndi izi, mphamvu zawo zinali zochepa kwambiri. Veche mu republic ya Novgorod ya boma ankaonedwa ngati bungwe lapamwamba. Anali msonkhano wa amuna onse. Iyo idatchedwa ndi belu.

Novgorod Republic: Veche

Msonkhanowu unakonza zinthu zofunika kwambiri pa moyo wa anthu. Zakhudza zosiyana kwambiri. Kukula kwa ndale kwakuti Novgorod veche anali nayo ingathandize kuthetsa mawonekedwe ake. Komabe, monga momwe mbiriyi ikuchitira umboni, msonkhano unali wosasinthasintha komanso wofuula kuposa kwina kulikonse. Mu bungwe lake munali mipata yambiri. Nthaŵi zina msonkhano unasonkhanitsidwa ndi Rurik, Prince wa Novgorod. Komabe, kawirikawiri izo zinachitika ndi mmodzi wa olemekezeka a mzindawo. Panthawi yolimbana ndi phwandolo, msonkhano unasonkhanitsidwa ndi anthu apadera. The Novgorod Veche siinali yokhazikika. Anasonkhanitsidwa ndikugwiritsidwa ntchito pokhapokha ngati pakufunika thandizo.

Kupanga

Nyuzipepala ya Novgorod Veche kaŵirikaŵiri inasonkhanitsidwa ku khoti la Yaroslav. Kusankhidwa kwa mbuye wa mzindawo kunachitika pamalo ozungulira pafupi ndi St. Sophia Cathedral. Malemba a Novgorod Veche sangathe kutchedwa thupi loyimira, popeza palibe azidindo omwe adachita nawo. Aliyense akhoza kubwera kumalo ake, omwe amadziona kuti ndi nzika, ndikusonkhanitsa msonkhano. Monga lamulo, anthu omwe ankaimira mzinda wina wamkulu adalowamo. Komabe, nthawi zina panali anthu okhala m'midzi yaing'ono - Pskov ndi Ladoga. Monga lamulo, akuluakulu apanisi amatumizidwa kuti athetse nkhaniyi kapena gawoli. Opezeka nawo ndi osasintha ochokera kumidzi. Mwachitsanzo, mu 1384 anthu a Korela ndi Orekhov anafika ku Novgorod. Anadandaula za kudyetsa Patrikia (kalonga wa Lithuania). Misonkhano iwiri inasonkhanitsidwa pa nkhaniyi. Mmodzi anali wa kalonga, winayo ku madera. Pachifukwa ichi, chinali chithandizo cha anthu okhumudwa ku likulu la boma.

Ntchito za Novgorod Veche

Msonkhanowo unali woyang'anira malamulo onse, nkhani zapakhomo ndi zakunja. Ku Novgorod Veche, khoti linachitidwa pa milandu yosiyanasiyana. Pa nthawi imodzimodziyo adalangizidwa kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, olakwirawo anaweruzidwa kuti asalandire moyo kapena adatenga malo, ndipo iwo adachotsedwa kuntchito. Msonkhano wonsewu unakhazikitsa malamulo, kuitanidwa ndi kuthamangitsa wolamulirawo. Pa olemekezeka a msonkhano adasankhidwa ndikuyesedwa. Anthu anathetsa nkhani za nkhondo ndi mtendere.

Mbali za kutenga nawo mbali

Ponena za ufulu wokhala membala wa Veche ndi dongosolo la kusonkhanitsa kwake, palibe deta yapadera. Ogwira ntchito angathe kukhala amuna onse: osauka, olemera, anyamata, ndi anthu akuda. Panthawi imeneyo, ziyeneretsozo sizinayambe. Komabe, sizikutanthauza kuti nzika za Novgorod zinali ndi ufulu wotenga nawo mbali kuthetsa mavuto akuluakulu a boma, kapena kuti zokhudzana ndi anthu oyandikana nawo. Kuchokera m'magulu a anthu omwe adatchulidwa m'makalata, zimakhala zomveka kuti mamembala a msonkhanowo anali amalonda, anyamata, alimi, amisiri komanso ena. Mu Veche, posadniks ankachita nawo. Izi ndi chifukwa iwo anali olemekezeka ndipo kupezeka kwawo kunali kudziwonekera. Mamembala a msonkhanowo anali amwini aamuna. Iwo sankatengedwa ngati oimira mzinda. Boyarin akhoza kukhala pa malo ake kwinakwake ku Dvina ndipo kuchokera kumeneko amabwera ku Novgorod. Mofananamo, amalonda amapanga sukulu yawo osati malo okhala, koma ndi ntchito. Pa nthawi yomweyi, amatha kupezeka m'madera ozungulira, koma amatchedwanso Novgorodians. Anthu amoyo ankachita nawo pamisonkhano monga oimira mapeto. Kwa anthu wakuda, iwo adalidi mamembala a veche. Komabe, palibe chisonyezero cha momwe adathandizira.

Zodziwika

M'masiku akale iwo analembedwa ndi dzina la kalonga yemwe anali kuchita pa nthawi inayake. Komabe, zinthu zinasintha pambuyo pozindikira kuti wamkulu wapamwamba wa wolamulira wamkulu. Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo dzina la kalonga silinalembedwe. Zinalembedwa m'malo mwa anthu oda ndi olemera, olemekezeka, zikwi, anyamata ndi anthu onse. Zisindikizozo zinali kutsogolo ndipo zinamangirizidwa ku zilembozo ndi zingwe.

Misonkhano yapadera

Iwo analibe kanthu mosasamala za Novgorod yaikulu. Komanso, mapeto onse amayenera kusonkhanitsa misonkhano yawo. Iwo anali ndi makalata awoawo, zisindikizo. Pakakhala kusamvetsetsana, malekezero adakambirana wina ndi mnzake. Veche inachitikanso ku Pskov. Bell, lomwe linasonkhana pamsonkhano, linapachikidwa pa nsanja pafupi ndi St. Utatu.

Kupatukana kwa mphamvu

Mu ntchito yalamulo, kupatula anthu, kalonga nayenso adachitapo. Komabe, panopa, n'zovuta kuti akuluakulu a boma afotokoze momveka bwino pakati pa chiyanjano chenicheni ndi chovomerezeka. Malingana ndi mgwirizano wamakono, kalonga sakanatha kulimbana ndi nkhondo popanda chilolezo cha msonkhano. Ngakhale chitetezo cha malire akunja chinali chogwirizana ndi ulamuliro wake. Popanda posadnik sanalole kuti apereke malo opindulitsa, kudyetsa ndi volosts. Mwachizolowezi, izi zinachitika ndi msonkhano popanda chilolezo cha wolamulira. Ndiponso, sikunaloledwe kutenga "malo opanda cholakwa". Mlandu wa kalonga uyenera kulengezedwa pamsonkhano. Iyenso, inkachitidwa ndi khoti laulangizi. Nthaŵi zina, chipinda ndi mtsogoleriyo anasintha maudindo. Mwachitsanzo, msonkhanowo ukhoza kubweretsa khoti losavomerezeka kormlenshchika. Kalonga analibe ufulu kupereka makalata popanda chilolezo cha olemekezeka.

Kusamvana pakati pa anthu

The Novgorod veche yokha silingaganizire zokambirana za vuto lililonse, kapena voti yoyenera. Yankho la funso ili kapena funsoli lidachitidwa "ndi khutu", ndi mphamvu ya kulira. Veche nthawi zambiri ankagawidwa m'maphwando. Pankhaniyi, yankho la nkhaniyi linagwiritsidwa ntchito pogwiritsa ntchito chiwawa, kupyolera mukumenyana. Phwando lomwe linapambana, ndipo linayesedwa kuti ndilochuluka. Misonkhanoyi inakhala ngati khoti la Mulungu, komanso kuchotsa chigamulocho kuchokera pa mlatho wa anthu omwe anagwidwa ndi mayesero. Nthaŵi zina, mzinda wonse unagawidwa pakati pa magulu otsutsanawo. Kenako misonkhano iwiri inachitikira panthawi imodzi. Mmodzi ankaitanidwa ku Ndalama Zamalonda (malo ozoloŵera), ndi ena - ku Sofia Square. Koma misonkhano yotereyi inali misonkhano yowonongeka, ndipo si yachizoloŵezi choyipa. Kawirikawiri zinkachitika kuti misonkhano iwiri imasunthirana wina ndi mnzake. Kufika pa mlatho wa Volkhov, anthu anayamba nkhondo yeniyeni. Nthawi zina atsogoleri achipembedzo anatha kulekanitsa anthu, ndipo nthawizina iwo sanatero. Kufunika kwa mlatho waukulu monga mboni yakumenyana kumadzulo kunanenedwa polemba ndakatulo. M'mabuku ena akale komanso m'kalata ya mlendo Baron Gerberstein, yemwe anapita ku chiyambi cha zaka za m'ma 1600. Ku Russia, pali nthano za kusamvana koteroko. Makamaka, molingana ndi nkhani ya mlendo wachilendo, pamene Novgorod a Novgorodians adataya fano la Perun kulowa Volkhov, mulungu wankhanza adadza kumtunda ndi kumuponyera ndodo, nati: "Ndiko kukumbukira kuchokera kwa ine, Novgorodians." Kuchokera nthawi imeneyo, anthu kumapeto kwa tsiku amatembenukira pa mlatho ndikuyamba kumenyana.

Martha Posadnitsa

Mkazi uyu ali ndi mbiri yochititsa manyazi mu mbiriyakale. Iye anali mkazi wa Isaac Boretsky, Novgorod posadnik. Zambiri zokhudza gawo loyamba la moyo wake ndizochepa. Zomwe amasonyeza zimasonyeza kuti Marita adachokera ku banja la anyamata a Loshinsky ndipo adakwatirana kawiri. Isaak Boretsky anali mwamuna wachiwiri, ndipo oyamba anamwalira. Marita sakanakhala posadnik. Dzina lotchedwa dzina lomwe adalandira kuchokera ku Muscovites. Kotero iwo ananyoza dongosolo lapachiyambi la Republic of Novgorod.

Ntchito ya Boretsky

Marfa-posadnitsa anali mkazi wamasiye wa mwini nyumba, yemwe anapatsidwa magawo ake. Kuwonjezera pamenepo, iye mwini anali ndi madera ambiri m'mphepete mwa nyanja ya Studen ndi mtsinjewo. Dvina. Kwa nthawi yoyamba mu ndale, anayamba kuchita nawo chaka cha 1470. Kenaka ku Novgorod Veche kunali chisankho cha bishopu wamkulu. Chaka chotsatira, iye ndi mwana wake adalimbikitsa ufulu wodzilamulira ku Moscow. Marfa anachita monga mtsogoleri wonyenga wa otsutsa anyamata. Anathandizidwa ndi akazi amasiye awiri olemekezeka: Evfimiya ndi Anastasia. Marita anali ndi ndalama zambirimbiri zosungira ndalama. Anakambirana mwachinsinsi ndi Casimir IV, Mfumu ya Poland. Cholinga chake chinali kulowa kwa Novgorod ku Grand Duchy wa Lithuania pa ufulu wodzisunga ndi kuteteza ufulu wandale.

Mphamvu ya Ivan III

Grand Duke wa Moscow anazindikira kukambirana ndi Kazimierz. Mu 1471, Nkhondo ya Mahema anachitika. Mmenemo, asilikali a Ivan III akuswa asilikali a Novgorod. Boretsky mwana wa Dmitri anaphedwa. Ngakhale kuti apambana nkhondoyi, Ivan adakali ndi ufulu wodzinenera boma ku Novgorod. Boretsky, pambuyo pake, atamwalira mwana wake, adakambiranabe ndi Kazimierz. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, nkhondo ya pakati pa Lithuania ndi Moscow inawombera. Mu 1478, Ivan III adayambitsa ntchito yatsopano yolimbana ndi Novgorod. Otsatirawa ali ndi ufulu wotsutsana. Kuwonongedwa kwa Novgorod veche kunaphatikizapo kuchotsedwa kwa belu, kuchotsedwa kwa dziko la Boretskaya, ndi kuweruzidwa kwa oimira magulu akuluakulu.

Kutsiliza

Novgorod Veche anali ndi tanthauzo lapadera la ndale pamoyo wa anthu. Unali bungwe lotsogolera, lomwe linali loyambitsa zovuta zonse pamoyo. Msonkhanowo unayendetsedwa ndi khoti ndi kupereka malamulo, anaitana olamulira, anawathamangitsira kunja. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti anthu onse adagwira nawo ntchito ya Veche, mosasamala kanthu za kukhala m'gulu linalake. Amakhulupirira kuti misonkhanoyi inali imodzi mwa mitundu yoyamba ya mawonetseredwe a demokarase, ngakhale kuti zonse zokhudzana ndi kupanga chisankho. Veche anali chiwonetsero cha chifuniro cha anthu osati Novgorod yekha, komanso za malo oyandikana nawo. Mphamvu yake inali pamwamba pa wolamulira. Kuwonjezera pamenepo, zochitikazo zinadalira chisankho cha msonkhano. Mtundu uwu wa boma wodzilamulira unapanga dziko la Novgorod ku madera ena a Russia. Komabe, ndi kukula kwa mphamvu yakugonjetsa ya Ivan III, iyo inathetsedwa. Dziko la Novgorod palokha linakhala pansi pa Moscow.