Norman Conquest wa ku England mu 1066

Pakatikati pa zaka khumi ndi zisanu ndi ziwiri Norman duchy adadza pachimake. Mchitidwe wamatsenga unathandiza kuti magulu ankhondo apamtendere apange, omwe abwanamkubwawo ankawapatsa asilikali ake, ndipo asilikali okwera pamahatchi a Normandy omwe anali ndi zida zankhondo anapeza mbiri. Komanso, boma linali ndi ndalama zambiri kuzinthu zonse. Ndipo ulamuliro wamphamvu pakati, womwe unapitilizapo anthu onse ndi mpingo, unali wamphamvu kwambiri kuposa Chingerezi. Motero, nkhondo ya Norman imene inagonjetsedwa ku England inakonzedweratu.

Wilhelm vs. Harold

Ponena za Harold II, mfumu ya Chigwede yachisokonezo yaukali, yemwe anali wachibwibwi komanso wonyenga, ndipo anapempha thandizo la Papa Alexander Wachiwiri, Wilhelm adayambitsa ntchitoyi: analembera anthu odzipereka kunja kwa duchy kuti athandize asilikali ake omwe sali ofooka, akumanga sitima zonyamula katundu, zida zankhondo komanso zokhala ndi chakudya. Ndipo posakhalitsa zonse zinali zitakonzeka, kotero kuti kugonjetsa England ndi William wa Normandy kunachitika.

Kampu ya duchy inali yotentha kuchokera ku kuchuluka kwa asilikali - magulu ankhondo anafika kuchokera kumadera onse oyandikana nawo: Brittany, Picardie, Flanders, Artois. Olemba mbiri sanathe kudziwa nambala yeniyeni ya asilikali a Wilhelm, koma anali ndi zombo zokwana mazana asanu ndi awiri, motero asilikali omwe dziko la England anadutsa pamtunda wake wa kum'mwera, amapita pafupifupi zikwi zisanu ndi ziwiri. Kwa nthawi yoyamba, anthu ambiri adadutsa English Channel usiku.

Harold ankadziwa za maphunzirowa. Zombo ndi asilikali anasonkhana kum'mwera kwa England akudikirira Wilhelm kuti akafike ndi zida zankhondo. Koma Wilhelm anali wochenjera kwambiri kuposa momwe Harold ankaganizira. Kumbali ya kumpoto kwa England ogwirizana a Wilhelm ochokera ku Norway ndi omwe ananyoza Achingelezi, adani a Harold, mwadzidzidzi anafika. Harold anatha kutembenuza asilikaliwo ngakhale kuwombera, koma kenako, popanda kuchedwa kwa tsiku, Norman anagonjetsa England kuchokera kumwera anayamba.

Ankhondo a Harold

Kuthamanga kwa adani kunawapangitsa iwo kutembenuzira gulu lofooka ndi lotopa kubwerera ku Gasting, poyesa kuyendetsa magulu a asilikali. Komabe, zonse zinachitika mofulumira moti ngakhale ku London kufika kwa Harold sanasonkhanitse asilikali. Mosiyana ndi Wilhelm, iye analibe zida zankhondo zamtundu wankhondo, ambiri mwa asilikali ake anali oyendayenda ndi osagwirizana. Panali a Huskerly ndi azimphawi, omwe anali ndi zida zankhondo, ndi anthu osauka omwe anali ndi nkhwangwa ndi anyamata, Ehrl ndi Huskerly anali ndi malupanga, zikopa ndi nkhwangwa za nkhondo, koma analibe akavalo, ndipo Harold sanathe kuyambitsa oponya mpikisano ndi asilikali okwera pamahatchi.

Kukumana zakale ndi chatsopano

Kugonjetsa kwa Norman ku England mu 1066 kunakwaniritsidwa pa 14 Oktoba. Wilhelm anabweretsa nkhondo yophunzitsidwa bwino kwambiri kuchokera ku chingwe, asilikali okwera ndi akavalo omenyana ndi nkhondo ndi asilikali a oponya mfuti. Kugonjetsedwa kwa Anglo-Saxons kunali kungoganiza chabe. Kugonjetsedwa kunali kofulumira komanso kotsirizira - anthu ochepa okha adathawa. Harold nayenso anamwalira.

Wilhelm anapereka mpumulo kwa ankhondo akuba ndi kumenyana ndi midzi ya anthu osauka, analibe malo oti azifulumira. Pamene atsogoleri a Dover, Kentbury ndi London adamvetsetsa ndikumvetsetsa zomwe zinachitika, adalandira ndi kuvomereza William Wopambanayo akubwera ndi ufulu wa amphamvu, patapita masiku angapo. Koma England sanafulumire kubwezeretsa atagonjetsedwa ndi Norman!

Patatha masiku asanu, William anasamukira ku Dover. Unali wopambana! Osati anthu a ku London okha omwe ankachita mantha mwamantha, akugwidwa ndi mantha, koma ambiri mwa olamulira a England, chiwerengero, atsogoleri, mabishopu anagwera mapazi a Wilhelm ndipo ankafuna kuti akhale naye pa ubwenzi. South England sanapatse Wilhelm kukana konse. Mu nthawi yaying'ono kwambiri, kumpoto kunaperekanso.

Kudzoza Ufumu

Ndipo zinachitikadi: pa tchuthi la Khirisimasi pampando wa 1066 ndi 1067, William the Conqueror anafika ku Westminster mwambo wapadera. Zinthu zinali zosadziwika. England pambuyo pa nkhondo ya Norman inayamba kupanduka kuno ndi apo. Kutsutsidwa kwonyenga kwachinyengo kunalandiridwa, ndipo mawonekedwe ake a William anachita mwanjira yapadera.

Nyumba zonse kuzungulira tchalitchi chachikulu, kumene kudzoza kunachitika pa ufumu, zinayaka moto, ndipo ozunzidwa pamoto adakwapulidwa kuti afe, osamvetsetsa munda, zaka ndi chipembedzo. Tchalitchi chinasiyidwa ndi aliyense kupatula ansembe amene anapitirizabe utumiki wawo, anabwera ndi sakramenti kumapeto, ndipo Wilhelm anakumana ndi mphindi yoyamba yakugonjetsa payekha. Chotsatira cha Norman kugonjetsa ku England pachigawo chake choyamba.

Kulamulira

Ngakhale lonjezo la William kuti ndilo lamulo lakusunga malamulo abwino a King Edward, a Normans atsopano anapitirizabe chiwawa ndi kuba. Anthuwo anapanduka mosalekeza, ndipo anazunzidwa mwankhanza ndi moto ndi lupanga. Chifukwa chomvera mwaulemu nzika za London zinayamba kumanga linga lachifumu lotchuka - Tower.

Kumpoto kwa England kunali kutopa kwambiri ndi zomwe Wilhelm adamuuza kuti mu 1069 adawagwiritsa ntchito machenjerero a dziko lapansi (otchedwa Hitlerites ku Khatyn sanali oyamba). Wilhelm sanatuluke m'nyumba yonse kapena munthu wamoyo mu York Valley mpaka Durham, osati imodzi. Chipululu ichi chinapitirira mpaka zaka za zana la khumi ndi ziwiri, pamene pang'ono pang'onopang'ono iyo inayamba kulamulira. Koma izi, ndithudi, sichifukwa chachikulu cha kupambana kwa Norman ku England.

Bungwe la oyang'anira

Poganizira onse a Anglo-Saxons ngati opandukira, William Wogonjetsa anapitiriza kudziyesa wokhala wolandira cholowa cha Edward the Confessor. Zitangotha kukwaniritsidwa kwa "Chingerezi Khatyn," mayiko onse a England anakhala chuma cha mfumu. Kuwombera sikunali kokha opandukawo, komanso omwe sanali okhulupirika ku boma latsopano.

Mayiko akuluakulu a korona anabweretsa ndalama zazikulu: lendi ya kudzipatulira kwa amithenga, omwe adagonjetsa anthu wamba. Lendi iyo, poyerekeza ndi nthawi za Edward the Confessor, yakhala yoposa makumi asanu peresenti yapamwamba. Dziko linavomereza izi. Kodi cholinga cha Norman kugonjetsa England chinali chotani? Mwachidule - phindu. Koma osati kokha.

Inde, Wilhelm sanasunge chilichonse, ngakhale gawo lake linali mkango ndithu. Chiwombankhanga, chomwe chinalandiridwa ndi pafupifupi, chinali gawo la magawo khumi mu gawo lawo ku Normandy. Mpingo Wilhelm kwa nthawi yaitali sunakhumudwitse, malowa sanachotsedwe.

Ku England, nyumba zomanga nyumba zinamangidwa - ndizo zophweka, zosavuta kumangirira ndi matabwa ndi mipanda, ndi zomangamanga zomangamanga zomwe zingathe kupirira kuzungulira kwanthawi yaitali. Mathanthwe akuluakulu a miyala, monga Tower, Rochester, Hedingham, anali kuchuluka. Zitseko izi sizinali baronial. Onsewo anali a mfumu. Kugonjetsedwa kwa England ndi William wa Normandy kunapitiriza.

"Bukhu Lomaliza la Chiweruzo"

Momwemo amatchedwa chiwerengero cha anthu cha 1085, chimene Wilhelm ankachita ku England. Ilo linali bukhu labwino kwambiri. Deta inagawidwa mu magawo atatu: isanayambe kugonjetsa, chaka cha 1066 ndi chaka cha 1085. Idalembedwanso: maonekedwe a dziko la chigawo chilichonse ndi zana, malipiro enieni, chiwerengero ndi chiwerengero cha anthu, chikhalidwe chawo. Ofunsidwawo anali onse ogwira ntchito, atsogoleri, akulu, amuna omasuka ndi antchito asanu ndi mmodzi ochokera kumudzi uliwonse. Onsewa anachitira umboni. Kotero, mayiko makumi atatu ndi anayi kuchokera makumi atatu ndi asanu ndi atatu analembedwanso.

Ndale

Kunali kusunthika bwino kuti tiwone zotsatira zazikulu za kugonjetsa Norman ku England. Wilhelm ndondomeko iyi mwachindunji inapereka chidziwitso pa zovuta zomwe angapeze ndikupatsanso njira yothetsera kusamba kwa "ndalama za Danish". Bukuli linakhala lopambana, lofotokozedwa ndi lovomerezeka. Wilhelm anazindikira kuti kunali kotheka kubwezeretsa Norman kugonjetsa ku England mwa kugwidwa. Mwachidule, palibe chifukwa chofotokozera bukuli.

Malo omwe Wilhelm anapatsa kwa mmodzi wa mabwanawo sanakhalepo pamodzi ndi magawo omwe Baron anali nawo kale. Mwachitsanzo, Robert wa Merton anali ndi mamita mazana asanu ndi atatu, omwe anali m'maboma makumi anayi. Ena ali ndi ang'onoang'ono, koma mfundo ndi yomweyo.

Zingamveke zopanda pake. Koma apa pali chiwerengero chowonekera bwino. Palibe baron akhoza kulimbikitsa chikoka chake m'dera lina lililonse, lomwe, ndithudi, limathandizira kulimbitsa mphamvu ya mfumu. Kupatulapo kunali mabungwe okhazikika pamalire omwe amayang'anira njira za m'nyanja ndi malo. Iwo anali ndi ufulu waukulu ngakhale mwayi. England pambuyo pa Norman kugonjetsa poyamba anayamba kudzimva ngati dziko limodzi.

Mfumuyo monga mwiniwake wa dziko lonse ku England ndiye suzerain wa onse ogwira ntchito, omwe adalandira nawo kuchokera pansi pake. Wilhelm wa eni eni onse anamanga lumbiro la utumiki kwa mfumu (lumbiro la Salisbury). Chiganizo chenicheni cha Chingerezi ndi utumiki kwa mfumu kupyolera mwa mutu wa ena onse omvera. Mfumuyo inalandira chithandizo china ndi ulamuliro. Dzikoli litatha kugonjetsa dzikoli, likukumana ndi chisoni komanso mavuto ambiri. Izi ndizo zotsatira zazikulu zagonjetsa Norman ku England.