Normanists ndi antinormanistov ndi ndani?

Mu sayansi Russian ali kwa nthawi yaitali pali zokambirana Normanists antinormanistov ndi za kwa cholinga cha Normandy (Norsemen) mu mapangidwe statehood akale ku Russia. mtsutso izi zikuchitika mu ndege osiyana - ndi maganizo ndi sayansi.

zokambirana History

Mtsutsano za Normandy zinachitika m'zaka XVII, pamene azambiriyakale Swedish kuti ntchito zambiri pa mizu ya Varangian Lazaro kuthandiza dziko Kukula Eastern Europe. apamwamba amenewa chinayambitsa kukana ideologists dziko la XVIII m'ma (woyamba wa zonse, Mikhail Lomonosov). Antinormanistov anakana ubale Lazaro ndi Scandinavia.

Kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma XIX, kutsutsidwa uyu pafupifupi mbisoweka. Ndi nthawi itakwana kwambiri ntchito kwambiri sayansi akatswiri a zinenero, kulungamitsa chiyambi cha maina Scandinavia akalonga woyamba Russian magwero akale (monga Oleg, Rurik, Igor, ndi zina zotero. N.). Makamaka zofunika anali kufalitsa wotchuka Chidanishi wofufuza Vilgelma Tomsena. About Varangians anaonekera mu Russia m'zaka VIII, pali zambiri umboni rechecked. Amakhulupirira pa chikhalidwe cha Asilavo kum'mawa anaphunzira lero.

Komabe, mkangano Normanists antinormanistov ndipo anayambiranso ndi mphamvu yatsopano kale mu Stalin nyengo, pamene antinormanizma lingaliro ntchito ndi propaganda Nazi za ukulu wa anthu a Germany wa Asilavo (asilikali a Sweden n'kulanda ndi Scandinavians ambiri achibale kwambiri a ku Germany yosiyanasiyana). Kuyambira masiku a Soviet Union Kutsutsa Norman lonse anapulumuka masiku ano.

Magwero a Rurik

Normanists kwambiri antinormanistov ndi kukangana pankhani ya Rurik - kalonga amene analamulira ku Novgorod mu zaka 862-879. Iye anabwera Russia pamodzi ndi abale ake ndi Truvor Sineus. Malinga ndi "nthano ya makedzana Zaka" mu 862. Ilmen Asilavo ndi m'dera Finno-Finns ndi oitanidwa kuti adzalamulire dziko Novgorod. akomweko zowawa kuchokera ndewu wosatha. Internal mikangano pakati pa Asilavo a North-West la Russia inayamba kuti iwo anakhomerera kale Scandinavia, analipira msonkho chosinthana ndi otetezedwa. Wodzilamulira zinachititsa kuti mwazi nthawi zonse. Pomaliza chikumenyana magulu apamwamba Novgorod anavomera kuitana wolamulira ndale limene anakwanitsa kuletsa ndewu pakati pawo.

Munthu uyu nakhala Rurik. Mtsutsano Normanists ndi antinormanistov za chikoka kuti anadza Scandinavia anali pa East Asilavo. Palibe chikaiko kalonga anachokera Scandinavia, pamodzi ndi anamuperekeza wake ndi aphungu. M'mbiri ya mtundu wotchedwa "Lazaro". Normanists ndi antinormanistov amasiyana kutanthauzira mawu akuti.

Ruric walandira Novgorod, Sineus - Beloozero, Truvor - Izborsk. Dzina la m'bale mkuluyo amabwerera Hrærekr - dzina Scandinavia, choncho palibe kukaika kuti iye anali akunja. Komabe Normanists antinormanistov ndi kutanthauzira osiyanasiyana magwero a kalonga loyamba Novgorod. Mwachitsanzo, akatswiri ena kudziwa ndi Rerik Jutland, amene ankakhala mu zaka za m'ma IX ndi a mafumu scylding ku Denmark. Chiphunzitsochi zachokera kufanana kwa mayina, ngakhale mbali cabe - chinthu chokha chimene underpinned ndi kungoganizira.

magwero otalikirana

Onse la masiku mtsutso Normanists ndi antinormanistov zochokera m'masiku akale kuti mwina anakopera kapena mbali atayika chifukwa moto ndi sheya kuwonongeka. Zonsezi amapanga zambiri kutineneza ndi nkhambakamwa.

Ngati mukuziyenereza udindo ndi Normanists antinormanistov, zimaonekeratu kuti mkangano wawo kumafuna m'masiku angapo Russian, nthawi zina zotsutsana. Mwachitsanzo, m'malo Ryurika Oleg poyamba otchedwa kazembe wake. Mu mapangano ndi Byzantium chiyambi cha X atumwi akutchula kale ngati wachibale wa mkulu loyamba Novgorod. Kenako Russian magwero a XII atumwi, komanso anabwereza amanena, kutsutsa ntchito oyambirira a olemba zoweta.

Vuto lina kwagona kuti palibe mbiri yakale yachilendo m'mabuku a nthawi yomwe kutsimikizira nthano ya Rurik ndi abale ake awiri. Pa nkhani imeneyi, palibe chibwenzi chenicheni cha ntchito ya Varangian akalonga.

kafukufuku Swedish

Pachikhalidwe, akukhulupirira kuti Normanists antinormanistov ndipo anayamba kukambirana kwawo mu zoyambirira za m'ma XVIII. Komabe, pachiyambi pa ubale wa Scandinavians ndi Russia chibwenzi kumbuyo kwa zaka XVI-XVII. Pamene Muscovy anali woyamba kumadzulo kwa Ulaya. Choncho, funso magwero a Scandinavia chidwi lachifumu kazembe Sigismund Herberstein. Pa njira anakonza anapita ofufuza ena.

Ganizo chiyambi Swedish wa Rurik ankalimbikitsa nthumwi Swedish ndi mbiri Petr Petrey de A Erlezunda, amene ankakhala mu Russia m'nyengo ya Boris Godunov. ntchito zake unakhala wotchuka kunja ndi amasuliridwa German. Swedish wolemba Olaf Dalin anapempha boma analemba "Mbiri ya boma Swedish," Rurik iye anayizindikira ndi Erik Björnsson ku Scandinavia Ynglings mafumu. Komabe, posakhalitsa amanena wakhala akutsutsa.

Buku Gottlieb Bayer

Choyamba leni ntchito sayansi kuti anayamba normanizm ankaona nkhani "Pa Varyag" mu Russia. Mlembi wake anali pulofesa pa St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences Gottlieb Bayer (1694-1738). Iye loyamba kuphunzira akonzedwa mbiri ya magwero oyambirira akale, kenako zinakhala chakudya cha ganizo lotsatira angapo mibadwo asayansi.

The Bayer woyamba anadalira m'buku la zochitika za m'masiku a nthawi. Academician anakana otchuka ndiye "Prussian chiphunzitso" malinga ndi zomwe Scandinavia anatengera yuzhnobaltiyskoe. Mu ntchito yake ndipo ali zikalata ku magwero yachilendo, mwachitsanzo ku mbiri Bertinskih.

Pansi Bayer Scandinavia ankadziwa Scandinavians m'lingaliro wodziika mawu: asilikali a Sweden, Gotlanders, Danes ndi Norwegians. Kutembenukira kwa zilankhulo, iye anaunikanso Russian otchuka ndi mayina a akalonga IX-X zaka zambirimbiri. Kuti zimenezi zitheke, wolemba anasanduka magwero monga mwala runic zolemba, ntchito Greek, ndi zipilala ena nyengo. Bayer anatenga mabuku, ndi Byzantine Mfumu X atumwi, Konstantina Bagryanorodnogo. Chifukwa cha mbiri imeneyi ntchito ponena kuti maina a Rurik ndipo anali Truvor Scandinavia chiyambi.

Ntchito Gerard Miller

Ena mwa "Varangian" buku zidutswa chidwi cha Vasiliya Tatischeva (1686 -1750), ndipo akhala anatchula ndi iye mu "History of Russia" wake. Pa nthawi yomweyo wasayansi Russian yekha munakhala udindo mosiyana kwenikweni kwa Bayer. Tatishchev anali kumbuyo antinormanizma, Scandinavia ankakhulupirira Finns chiyambi Chifinishi zimachitika Rurik.

Kuwonjezera woyambitsa "History of Russia" mu zokambirana za Scandinavia mu zaka za m'ma XVIII panafika anthu ofufuza awiri otchuka. Woyamba unali waukulu ethnographer ndi malo, Gerard Miller (1705-1783), ndipo chachiwiri - Mikhail Lomonosov (1711 - 1765). Pakumalisa ntchito zosiyanasiyana sayansi ndi anasiya chizindikiro kwambiri kuphatikizapo malangizo mbiri.

Mu 1749, pa nthawi yotsatira tsiku ndi tsiku dzina la Mfumukazi Elizabeth, likulu anali kuti msonkhano anthu, limene ophunzira akuluakulu amasonkhana malipoti kuwerenga-kumbali. Mwapadera Lomonosov analemba mitu yake yotchuka "CHIYAMIKO" kwa chochitika. Miller anasankha mutu m'malo oterera la "The Origin wa anthu ndi dzina la Russia." lemba anawakonzera pa nthawi, koma konse anavomereza kuti kutsutsana anthu ndi kale mu magazini anagwira.

lipoti Miller sanali asayansi ambiri, ndipo nduna pafupi Mfumukazi amene anapeza kuti "predosuzhdenie Russia." Anagonjetsa nkhani yolembedwa ndi Lomonosov, yemwe anali mdani woopsa chiphunzitso cha "Varyag" Zimayambitsa Russia. Similar maganizo pa zokambirana Tatischev kupewedwa. Ngati nthawi zambiri pamaso mu 1749 Normanists chiphunzitso ndi antinormanistov anachititsa koopsa pakati pa asayansi zoweta.

Miller mu nkhani yolembedwa wake beleaguered kwakukulukulu anabwereza Bayer. Yerekezerani malo Normanists antinormanistov ndipo yesetsani kuona zimene kusiyana kwawo kiyi. Iwo mosavuta olekanitsidwa ndi kufanizitsa Miller ndi University kuwunika. Choyamba, kuteteza chiphunzitso Norman, anayerekezera kwa Scandinavians ndi Scandinavia anatsogolera mokomera amanena, umboni watsopano. Makamaka, Miller anafotokoza pachikhalidwe "Russian" mayina a Dnieper mathithi, yomwe anapatsidwa mu buku lake "Pa kasamalidwe wa ufumu" ndi wolamulira Byzantine Konstantinom Bagryanorodnym. Komanso mlembi wa ntchito alitcha anakopeka phunziro lake limasonyeza olemba Scandinavia akale Ages Middle, watchula Asilavo kum'mawa.

Azambiriyakale Normanists ndi antinormanistov nthawi zambiri zisudzo mu zovuta kulimbana ndale. Kuwonongedwa pa Miller ankayambitsa osati kwambiri mbali sayansi ntchito yake, monga zochitika zonse maganizo. ulamuliro wa Elizabeth wayamba pambuyo "khumi mdima", pamene, pamene Anny Ioannovny anasonkhana mozungulira mpando wachifumu zambiri Germany. Pansi Mfumukazi latsopano Pambuyo anthuwo kuvutika ndi. Iwo kudzudzulidwa chilichonse chachilendo, ndi Sweden ndi anachita nkhondo inayamba. Kumene, ndi maziko awa, ntchito, kunena za ku Scandinavia wa Rurik, anamuzindikira monga kuipitsa mbiri ya munthu. Miller, kuti pa nthawi wosakhwima maganizo awo Komabe, sanasinthe. ntchito yake lofalitsidwa akunja mu Russian kuti owerenga ambiri wakhala alipo yekha mu 2006.

mfundo antinormanistov

Yankho mwatsatanetsatane kuti buku la Miller Pambuyo Goliyati waukulu Mihaila Lomonosova. Zaka zingapo pambuyo zokopa mkangano Varangian Russian wasayansi anayamba kulemba yekha ntchito yake yaikulu mbiri dziko. Potsiliza, iye analibe nthawi chifukwa imfa mwadzidzidzi. Atamwalira Lomonosov anali zimaikidwa buku limodzi ndi "mbiri yakale Russian." Komabe, funso wa Varangians (monga mmodzi wa patsogolo pa), wolemba mu ntchito yake ankaona.

"Russia pamaso Rurik" Mikhail zoyenera machaputala angapo okhwima. Pakuti Asilavo, anadziwa osati Asilavo, komanso Baltic States (Lithuania, Zhmud, Prussians) ndi Veneto, Amedi ndi paflagontsev, anasonyeza chiyambi cha gulu wamba mitundu pafupifupi nthawi ya Trojan nkhondo. Kale lonjezo limeneli ankatha kuona mfundo yakuti palibe Scandinavia kapena mitundu ina iliyonse sanathe zimakhudza mapangidwe wodziimira Russia, amene chiyambi unayamba kalekale. The drawback chachikulu cha ntchito Lomonosov anali chakuti mmenemo wolemba amamatira ku mfundo za historiography zaka XVI-XVII, pamene sayansi European ali kukhala njira zatsopano kusanthula yovuta nkhani.

"Russophile" chiphunzitso kuti Rurik anachokera Asilavo anakhalabe ndi Ekaterina II, kumvetsera kwa "History" Vasiliya Tatischeva. Mwachitsanzo, mmodzi wa historiographers chofunika kwambiri nthawi, Mikhail Shcherbatov (1733-1790) imatengedwa woyamba Novgorod kalonga wachibale akulu Ilmen Slovenia Gostomysl.

maganizo Karamzin

A mosamala kwambiri ndi kwambiri poyerekeza ndi m'nthawi yawo zimapangitsa Nikolai Karamzin (1766-1826). Wake Mipikisano buku "History wa State Russian" wakhala chodabwitsa chofunika kwambiri chikhalidwe Russian ndi sayansi.

Karamzin anafunanso mwatcheru Normanists zimene zikunenedwa ndi ndi antinormanistov. Mikangano pa mbali zonse iwo n'komwe mosamala pazipita mfundo zowona. Karamzin wolemekezedwa ntchito za Bayer ndi Miller, kuganizira iwo Sitidzaiwala lonse la mbiri. Koma antinormanskaya mfundo Tatishcheva izo kudzudzulidwa. Special amakayikira wolemba otchedwa umboni wa podcherpnut Ioakimovskaya umboni.

Karamzin anati onse asanu mfundo lofunika kuchirikiza ku Scandinavia wa Rurik ndi Varangians ambiri. Choyamba, umboni wa olemba Western Mwachitsanzo, Bishopu Liutprand Cremona, kumene Russ ndinaganiza chinali Normandy. Chachiwiri, dzina la Rurik, ndi akalonga ena cholinga ndi bwino Scandinavia etymology. Chachitatu, magwero Byzantine. Scandinavia ku Constantinople ankatchedwa Ankhondo Denmark. Chachinayi, Mtsutso Miller za mayina a Dnieper mathithi. Chachisanu, kufanana kwa mndandanda wa malamulo Russian choonadi ndi chimodzimodzi anawasema German ndipo Denmark. Wachisanu ndi "nthano ya makedzana Zaka" omwe Mlembi Nestor munanena kuti Scandinavia ankakhala kumadzulo kwa Nyanja Baltic.

Kuthana Normanists

Hot kutsutsana maganizo otsutsa anachita mkangano Normanists antinormanistov ndi imodzi yaikulu "mafunso wotembereredwa" a mbiri Russian. Inasintha chitukuko anali buku la Denmark zilankhulo Vilgelma Tomsena (1842-1927) "Home Russian boma." Izo ntchito koyamba kuperekedwa kwa akamanena zonse za Agiriki Norman chiphunzitso. Ambiri buku Thomsen wosiyana akalambula ake kukondera mu zilankhulo. Mfundo za sayansi za zinenero zikuluzikulu za magwero akale, simunataye kufunika awo lero.

Pamene mdani wake aakulu okha Thomsen anati Stepan Gedeonov (1816-1878) Popeza linali ntchito yake "The Scandinavia ndi Lazaro" omwe anapangidwa kwa Dane, "kuona ngati kuti kuganizira kwambiri." Other ntchito antinormanskie zilankhulo otchedwa sayansi zolakwika. M'buku lake Thomsen anapanga ndemanga kwambiri magwero Arab ndi Byzantine mu latini pa Scandinavia.

Kusanthula chiyambi cha mawu akuti "Russia", wasayansi anawatcha iwo muzu wa muzu wa ofanana Swedish a mawu "chilikupita" ndi "kupalasa". Pa nkhani imeneyi Thomsen adafotokoza kuti dzina chotero iwo amadzitcha okha Scandinavians amene anali kugombe la Gulf wa Finland, ndipo anayamba ulendo wopita ku mayiko oyandikana. Mofananamo, zilankhulo anapanga mawu "Scandinavia". Malinga ndi ganizo loperekedwa wake, amachokera kwa Swedish muzu "var" omwe anamasuliridwa ngati "ogona" kapena "chitetezo".

Thomsen anasankha khumi ndi mawu a wakale zinenero, amene tingathe kuwaona bwino Scandinavia etymology (Tiuna, grids, shopu, ndodo, ndi zina zotero. D.). Mwachidule phunziro lake, wolemba anaganiza fanizo capacious: ndi Scandinavians anaika maziko a dziko laling'ono lomwe lili Asilavo yake kuchuluka mpaka itafika chachikulu. Ngati mukuziyenereza udindo ndi Normanists antinormanistov, ngati fanizo kwenikweni apuma pa mkangano kuti anali koyamba Dane Vilhelm Thomsen.

zotsatira za vutolo

Kuona amene zoyenera Normanists mkangano ndi antinormanistov, tiyenera kutsindika kuti kutsutsana kwawo anali kutanthauza yekha pa nkhani yabwino m'zaka za m'ma XIX, pamene mapangidwe boma kugwirizana ndi magwero a mafumu a. Koma ngakhale wolemba kiyi akale gwero "nthano ya makedzana Zaka" Nestor anayankha mafunso atatu payokha, "komwe iye anapita" anthu Asilavo amene anali Rurik ndipo potsiriza, kodi Russia yokha. Padziko zomwezo lero litsatira sayansi mbiri.

Modern Normanists antinormanistov ndi kupitiriza mkanganowo, ngakhale kalekale momveka bwino kuti ndondomeko ya boma mapangidwe zimadalira za mtundu wa banja olamulira. chakuti Rurik anali mlendo wakunjayo, sanaletse mwana wake Igor kuyambira ukhanda kukula mu chikhalidwe chosiyana ndi kuphunzira. mwana wake wamwamuna ndi mdzukulu wa Vladimir Svyatoslav ali mu zosatheka akufanana Scandinavians - anali Asilavo onse mu magazi ndi makhalidwe kapena chinenero. Chinthu chomwecho chinachitika ndi alangizi Varangian yobereka, ndi retainers, ndi ena otchedwa ochokera kunja kwa Russia northerners.

Yerekezerani malo Normanists antinormanistov ndipo yesetsani kuona mmene yaikulu mphamvu ya Scandinavians pa chilengedwe cha Old boma Russian. Ngakhale Novgorod ndi malamulo a Scandinavia (Rurik), ndipo Kiev anagwidwa ndi mlangizi wake kapena wachibale (Oleg), ambiri a anthu a dziko latsopano wakhala Chisilavo. Scandinavia mchitidwe pamapeto pake inasowa m'nyanja. Ndipo kotero chigonjetso sayansi mbali ya "chiphunzitso Varangian" akhoza manyazi "kunyada dziko la Great" imene kukangana ngakhale Normanists woyamba kwambiri ndi antinormanistov. Mwachidule, mikangano imeneyi m'mbuyomu. Professional ndi mozama kafukufuku pa chikoka cha Norman Ancient Lazaro akupitiriza lero, koma iwo ikukhudzana bwanji ndi zinthu zazing'ono: mawu ena mu chinenero cha Chirasha, miyambo, zochitika zankhondo ndi zina zotero ..