Nthano zosiyanasiyana: mitundu, mitundu, ndondomeko ndi ntchito yawo. Kodi node ndi ziti? Kudziwa ziphuphu za "dummies"

Node m'mbiri ya anthu inkawonekera kwambiri oyambirira - odziwika akale kwambiri omwe anapezeka ku Finland ndi a Stone Age. Ndi chitukuko cha chitukuko, njira zowunkhira zinasinthidwanso: kuchokera kuphweka kufikira zovuta, ndigawikana kukhala mitundu, mitundu ndi magwiritsidwe ntchito. Gulu lalikulu kwambiri pazinthu zosiyana ndi nyanja zamadzi.

Ntchito ya ziphuphu mu chikhalidwe ndi chipembedzo

Panali anthu omwe njira zawo zomangirira zingwe zinapatsidwa zinsinsi zamagetsi, zinagwiritsidwa ntchito mu miyoyo ya oimira miyambo yonse. Panalinso zitukuko, zomwe zidawombedwa. Chitsanzo cholemekezeka kwambiri chakumapeto kwake ndi Roma Yakale: ansembe mu kachisi wa Jupiter adaletsedwa kukhala ndi mfundo imodzi m'zovala zawo.

Anthu ambiri padziko lapansi anali ndi ziphunzitso zopatulika: "Chinsomba chachisangalalo" cha ku China, chizindikiro cha fuko la Yuda mu Chiyuda, kumangirira tsitsi komanso kumanga ndevu pa ndevu za Arabu ndi ena.

Chiyambi

Kulimbikitsidwa kwakukulu pa chifukwa chogwiritsira ntchito kunali kukula kwa kuyenda panyanja - kufunika kokhala ndi zodalirika komanso zowonjezeka "zipangizo" kunapanga mfundo zatsopano. Kusintha kwina kwakukulu kunachitika m'zaka za m'ma XIX-XX ndi chitukuko cha zokopa alendo.

Panthawi imeneyo kuyenda panyanjapo kunali malo osangalatsa, ndipo mafunde a m'nyanja anali atangowonongeka - panopa pafupifupi 38 mfundo zikuphunziridwa m'masukulu osungirako madzi. Panthawiyi, mu bukhu la Ashley pazitoti, lofalitsidwa mu 1944, mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zingwe zomangamanga 700 imatchulidwa, ndipo chiwerengero chodziŵika bwino cha iwo chikufikira 4000. Komabe, pamene alendo ankawoneka, chirichonse chinasintha.

Kukula kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zosangalatsa (kukwera mapiri, kuthamanga, kupha nsomba) kunaiwalika ndipo "kulenga" mitundu yatsopano ya mitsempha.

Kuzindikira ziphuphu kunakhala mtundu wa masewera - imodzi mwa zolembazo inalembedwa mu "Guinness Book of Records" mu 1977, kutsimikizira kuti American Clinton R. Bailey Sr. anapanga maina asanu ndi limodzi mumphindi 6.1.

Kumene kuli malo ogwiritsira ntchito

Kukula kwa ntchito yawo kumaphatikizapo mbali zonse za moyo waumunthu. Node zimayenda ndi ife kulikonse - ndi kuthandizira mauta awo pa nsapato, zipewa, maunyolo, kuvala bala, ndi kuthandizira kusunga zinyama pamutu. Madzi a m'nyanja akupitirizabe kuyenda.

Kumapiri, masewera a madzi, speleoturizm ndi ziphuphu zamtunduwu zimapezeka pa sitepe iliyonse. Amakhalanso mbali ya nsomba, kusaka, kupanga zokongoletsa zokongoletsa ndi zovala. Pa nthawi yomweyi, mtundu uliwonse wa ntchito umafuna mtundu wake.

Mitundu ya malupu ndi malumikizano

Kuzindikira ziphuphu kumatsatira malamulo a chipolopolo - pamtima wa mfundo zovuta kwambiri ndi mfundo yosavuta. Choncho gulu loyamba limatuluka - mtolowo ndi wophweka (wofunikira) komanso wovuta.

Node iliyonse ikhoza kugawidwa mu kuphatikiza zinthu ziwiri - kulengedwa kwa mitundu yokhotakhota (zomangira) ndi mapangidwe a zowonjezera zowonjezereka mu njira yokhazikika (mapangidwe).

Kusinthasintha kumabweretsa kupanikizika, kutengeka kwa chingwe m'malo mwa kumatira. Zotsatira zake - chingwe ndi mfundo sizingatheke kupatula kusiyana nazo. Izi zimabweretsa njira ina yogawa - motsimikizika.

"Zothandiza" ndi zokongoletsera

Mmodzi angathenso kupanga mndandanda umodzi wowonjezera - kugawidwa kukhala mitundu ya node ndi ntchito. Mwa kuyankhula kwina, mfundozi zimagawidwa kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito kwa ntchito ndi kukongoletsa.

Zomalizazi ndizokongoletsera mphatso, maluwa, zokongoletsera zovala, kupanga zodzikongoletsera. Pakati pawo, malo apadera amakhala ndi mizuhiki: ndi chithandizo chawo akhoza kupanga zojambulajambula za mawonekedwe ndi cholinga - kuchokera ku zokongoletsera monga mawonekedwe a agulugufe ndi granes, ku malonda olemera ndi zokongoletsa pa zovala.

Pali zigawo zina - malinga ndi zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa, kuchokera kuzinthu, ndi zina zotero.

Chizindikiro cha node, mitundu

Kawirikawiri, mitundu imeneyi ili ndi zosiyana:

• Kuti amange zingwe kwa wina ndi mzake;
• Kumangiriza chingwe ku chithandizo;
• Zoopsya;
• Wothandizira (pofuna kulandira chithandizo, kulemera, kusungirako zokopa zamtambo, etc.);
• Chiyanjano;
• Kukongoletsera.

Choyamba, chikhoza kugawidwa mu: zida zomangira zingwe zofanana, zosiyana siyana, zothamanga (zogwiritsira ntchito mafoni a chingwe chomwecho), woyendetsa ndi wapadera.

Ichi, komabe, sichikhazikitsa yankho la funso la nambala zomwe ziri. Zipangizo zawo zamtengo wapatali zimakhala m'magulu ndi nsomba, pakati pa zokongoletsanso pali mitundu yambiri ya mankhwala.

Mitsuko itatu yaikulu ya madzi

Ndipotu, pali mitundu yambiri ya "nyanja," yomwe inali yofunika komanso yotchuka nthawi ya ngalawa, koma inatayika kufunika kwake m'nthawi yathu ino. Mitengo yowonongeka siigwiritsidwe ntchito, koma pali zinthu zitatu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zonse komanso kulikonse. Izi ndi "kulankhula", "vyblenochny" ndi "eyiti".

"Nsalu ya Besedochy", ndi mitsinje, imakhalanso "mphuno ya mfumu" - imakhala yolimba ngakhale pang'ono, yosavuta kuigwedezeka, yosakanikirana, yosasinthasintha, sichiphwanya chingwe, imayimitsa ndipo imasulidwa mosavuta. Ndi mfumu yeniyeni, yokhala ndi makhalidwe abwino komanso osakhala ndi zovuta. Node imeneyi imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati inshuwalansi pamene ikukwera kumtunda kapena kutsika mkati, ndipo imayenera kulumikiza zingwe ziwiri zofanana kapena zosiyana ndi diameter ndi zipangizo.

Chombo "ejection" chimakhala chosavuta kuti tiwongolera chingwe kuti zikhale zosalala, mwachitsanzo, ku nsomba kapena phokoso. Ilo limatanthawuza ku mtundu umenewo wa mitunduyi, mitundu yomwe ingagwiritsidwe ntchito mopanda mantha, mopanda kuopa mavuto ndi kutaya kapena kudzipukuta. Dzinalo linalandiridwa chifukwa chakuti nthawi yayitali anali atagwiritsidwa ntchito pa zingwe za zingwe zazing'ono (zomwe zinagwiritsidwa ntchito pokweza masts). Node iyi ili ndi vuto - ndi odalirika pokhapokha kukanika kwanthawi zonse. Ntchito yogwira nsomba zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwa othawa, kumanga boti kuti ikhale milu.

"Eight" ndi nthano yosungira, yomwe ndi maziko a mitundu khumi ndi iwiri yosiyanasiyana. Zimayesedwa mwachidule, ndipo kuphatikiza kwake kwakukulu ndikuti ngakhale ngakhale kuthamanga kwakukulu sikupanda chingwe ndipo kumasulidwa mosavuta. Mu moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku umatumikira monga njira yabwino yosungiramo chingwe chambambo ku chidebe, kuzing'amba kwa ana, zomangiriza ku magulu a violin, mandolins, guitara ndi zina zotero.

Kuphatikiza apo, mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya nyanja ingagawidwe kukhala othandizira omwe amagwirizanitsa zingwe ndi wina ndi mzake ndi kuyika chingwe ku chithandizo.

Mfundo zazikuluzikulu m'mapiri

M'mipikisano yamapiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito mofanana ndi kudulira. Ngakhale kuti zina mwa izo zimachokera m'nyanja ndipo zimadziwika kwa zaka zambiri, palinso "zawo", zopangidwa ndi zopangidwa ndi alendo ndi akatswiri othamanga. M'mapiri, pali mitundu 17 yokwera:

• Moyenera (pogwiritsa ntchito zingwe ndi zingwe zofanana.) Ndizofunikira kugwiritsa ntchito magulu oyang'anira. Pansi pa katundu, imamangirizidwa, "amawomba").
• Mphesa (kuchokera kumtundu umenewo, mitundu yomwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kumanga zingwe zofanana ndi za diameter).
• Bramchkotovy (imatumikila zingwe zamitundu yosiyanasiyana, ndizofunika kuti zikhale zovuta kuzipangira).
• Otsogolera - kugwiritsa ntchito chingwe kwa chirichonse. N'zosavuta kumangiriza kutalika kwa chingwe.) Pansi pa katundu, imamangirizidwa ndipo "imatuluka").
• Otsogolera asanu ndi atatu (mphunoyi siikwera "ndipo siimangiriridwa movutikira. Icho chimagwiritsidwa ntchito pamene malo odalirika amafunikira).
• "Hare makutu" (gawo la kugwiritsira ntchito kulikonse komwe kuli kolimba bwino kofunikira.) "Sichimayenda", imamangiriridwa mwamphamvu pansi pa katundu).
• Bulin (imagwiritsidwa ntchito kugwirizira chingwe ku mphete, kuikonza pambali ya chithandizo) Ndibokosi abwino, losavuta komanso lodalirika lomwe silimangidwe pansi pa katundu, koma "limatuluka" ngati katundu ali wosinthika).
• Garda Loop (imagwiritsidwa ntchito pa inshuwalansi, kukoka chingwe ndi kuphulika, imagwira ntchito bwino ndi chingwe cholemedwa, yoyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito mulimonsemo).
• Node Prusika (yogwiritsiridwa ntchito payekha inshuwalansi. Sichigwirabe zingwe zachabe ndipo ndizoipa - zovuta.) Mfundoyi imayenda momasuka ndipo imamangiriridwa pansi pa katundu, itachotsedwa popanda vuto kumabwerera ku chiyambi chake).
• Tambani ("Stirrup." Ndizoyenera kuti zingwe zomangirira kumtundu uliwonse wa zothandizira, mwachitsanzo, mitengo. Pansi pa katundu, siimitsani ndipo nthawi zonse imakhala yodalirika).
• Mitundu ya ku Austria yomwe imalumikiza (chifukwa chokoka chingwe mu gulu la msitima, imasunthira momasuka, imayima pansi pa katundu ndi kubwerera ku malo ake oyambirira itachotsedwa.) Mmodzi mwa zida zodalirika, mitundu yambiri yokhala ndi zida zowonongeka ndi yotchuka kwambiri pakati pa apanyanja ndi apulaneti.
• Zomwe zimatha kudziwika (mfundoyi imachotsedwa kutalika kwa chingwe chachikulu ndipo imagwiritsidwa ntchito poyang'ana pamtsinje. Icho chimamasulidwa mosavuta ngakhale pansi pa katundu wolemera ndipo ndi chodalirika chokwanira.Pakuti muteteze unleashing mwachisawawa mugwiritsireni ntchito mfundo ya mpanda kapena carbine).
• Kusindikiza kwa chingwe (njira yosavuta komanso yosavuta yosunga ndodoyo). Iyo imagwedezeka pa nsonga iliyonse ya chingwe, nthano, nsomba, etc.).
• Kutsegula ASC (njira ndi dongosolo la kumangiriza inshuwalansi. Pali njira zingapo).
• Mankhwalawa amathamangitsira, ogontha, carbine (malo akuluakulu aliwonse ogwirizana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zingwe.) Ndi okhawo omwe sagwirizana nodes omwe amawafuna sakusowa kulamulira, ntchito yawo ndikutetezera kusadzimva kokha kwa mfundo yaikulu. Kawirikawiri, amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati akukayikira kuti wodalirikayo ndi odalirika, makamaka ngati womangirizidwa pa chonyowa, chotsekemera, chachabechabe, chingwe, etc.).

Mfundo zazikulu mu speleoturizme

Mitundu ya zingwe zomwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi ogwira ntchito zamtunduwu zimakhala zofanana ndi "kukwera", ngakhale malingana ndi timu ndi sukulu, njira zosiyana zogwirira ntchito zingatchedwe. Komabe, sikungakhale kulakwitsa kutchula zotsatirazi: mzere wolunjika, bulili, zisanu ndi zitatu (zokopa, ziwiri ndi zotsutsana), zisanu ndi zinayi, chitsogozo cha Austrian, pakati pa zofunika, zofunikira kwambiri kuti muphunzire onse omwe akufuna kuti azigwira nawo ntchito.

Mwa awa, onse awiri "asanu ndi atatu" - omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pa moyo wa speleo. Ngati inapangidwa bwino, imamasula bwino pambuyo pake. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito pachitsanzo ndi nthawi zina zambiri.

Molunjika

Mzere woongoka, womwe umatchedwanso Heracles, umayimira magawo awiri a nthiti, mosakanikirana womangirizana pamwamba pa mzake mosiyana. Njira yothandizirayi ndi yoyenera kokha kwa zingwe zofanana m'mimba mwake - mwinamwake zoonda pansi pa katundu zidzathyola wandiweyani. Pamene chingwe kapena chingwe chikunyamulidwa, chida ichi chimakhala chodziwikiratu.

N'chimodzimodzinso ngati chingwe chimanyowa - mfundo ikhoza kuyamba. Ayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito pamodzi ndi maulamuliro. Pa zingwe zopangidwa zosakhulupirika, koma zikagwiritsidwa ntchito molondola, zimakhala zomveka komanso zimavuta kumasula.

Zomwe zimadziwika, koma zosakhulupirika: teschin ndi mwana. Zomwe zimagwirizananso ndizomwe zimadziwika ndi Admiralty and Surgical Nodes.

The Eight

Mmodzi mwa zinthu zosavuta kuzimitsa, zomwe ziri ndi ubwino wambiri wosamvetsetseka: N'zosavuta kuzimanga, zimawoneka zokongola, zowumitsa, sizimasokoneza chingwe. Kugwiritsa ntchito pansi pa katundu, si koyenera, chifukwa pakali pano imakhala yolimba kwambiri ndipo chifukwa chake zimakhala zovuta kumasula.

"8", monga mfundo yoongoka, amadziwika kuyambira kale. Pali zofanana ndi zomwe zimatchulidwa ndi dzina lomwelo, lomwe limagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mapiri makamaka kukonza kabati pa chingwe chachikulu.

Kodi mfundozi ndizochokera pa G-8? Kawirikawiri, imakhala gawo la zovuta zovuta zambiri, mwachitsanzo, chotsutsana ndi "eyiti".