Urban agglomeration - ndi yaikulu m'madera matauni ...

The mofulumira kusintha nkhope ya dziko lapansi: mudzi ndi miraga anagwetsa mizinda yamasika, amapatsidwa spliced pamodzi ndi kukhala agglomeration. Izi zaziwerengero ndi zachuma ndondomeko yomwe akufotokozera pang'onopang'ono mu masiteji, izo sizingakhoze kusiyidwa. Patsogolo yokha kuzichita mmene anthu mathamangitsidwe lake lalikulu. The lonse mzaka zana makumi awiri ndi nthawi mafakitale chachikulu. Izi zinachititsa kuti chitukuko cha mafakitale mu madera osiyana ndi kukula kugwirizana ya m'tawuni, amene amalola gwero chilichonse mafakitale ntchito yaikulu - antchito.

Nkhani ya

Urban agglomeration - ndiyo njira ya kuchuluka kwa dera la m'mudzi chifukwa yomanga ndi kupeza midzi pafupi ake. Mizinda wadutsa msanga zokwanira kwa zaka 80-95. Ngati Tikayerekeza kalembera pa chiyambi ndi mapeto a zaka mazana makumi awiri, iwo zikusonyeza chiŵerengero cha anthu akumidzi ndi m'tawuni. Kumbali kuchuluka, chiri motere: mu 1903, 13% - okhala m'mizinda, ndi 1995 chithunzi ichi ndi 50%. azimuth anapitiriza lero, koma yoyamba chikufunika m'tawuni anaonekera mu dziko wakale. Mwachitsanzo, Athens, Alexandria, ndipo, ndithudi, lalikulu Rome. Patapita nthawi yaitali, mu m'ma XVII, ndi agglomeration choyamba anatuluka mu Europe - izi ndi Paris ndi London, lomwe zatenga malo aakulu mu British Isles. M'zaka za m'ma XIX, mapangidwe midzi yaikulu m'tawuni anayamba mu North America. Mawu akuti "agglomeration" umayamba kwa nthawi yoyamba ndi French malo, M. Rouget. Malinga ndi tanthauzo lake, agglomeration m'tawuni - ndi linanena bungwe la zinthu si ulimi chimango utsogoleri kwa Pamudzi ndi kudzipeleka mwa iwo midzi yozungulira. Panopa alipo tanthauzo kwa ulaliki wa zokwanira osiyanasiyana, koma generalizing mfundo za ndondomeko thambo kukula kwa mzinda. Pamene izi n'komwe angapo muyezo.

tanthauzo

N. V. Petrov limafotokoza agglomeration pamene kuwundana m'matawuni ndi m'midzi ina pa mfundo dera lawo, ndipo iwo zikulire pamodzi mu citukuko, pali kulimbitsa mitundu yonse ya maubwenzi (ntchito, chikhalidwe, chuma, ndi zina zotero. D.). Pankhaniyi, m'bulu ayenera kukhala yaying'ono ndi bwino malire utsogoleri - onse mkati ndi kunja. Pertsik EN amapereka tanthauzo yosiyaniranapo: ndi agglomeration m'tawuni - ndi mtundu wapadera wa mizinda, imene imakhudza limodzi mwachirengedwe midzi wapafupi ndi chuma modalirana ndi kugawana wamba zoyendera network zomangamanga zomangamanga, mafakitale ndi chikhalidwe asapita, wamba chikhalidwe ndi luso m'munsi. Mu ntchito zake, anatsindika kuti mtundu uwu wa kusonkhana ndi chilengedwe asonyeza kuti sayansi ndi luso ntchito, kupanga njira zamakono zapamwamba komanso maofesi. Chotero, izo ziri pano kuti antchito ambiri aluso yagawidwa kwa mayiko amene akufotokozera ntchito gawo ndi kulenga zinthu zina zabwino. Mizinda yaikulu komanso madera matauni ndi malire m'zigawozo mafoni, izo si monga malo enieni a zinthu payekha, koma nyengo ntchito pa kayendedwe ka munthu kapena katundu ku phata kwa periphery lapansi.

Yosayambitsa kuti adziwe agglomeration

Pakati pa mizinda amakono ambiri ndithu akupangidwa ndi anthu anthu miliyoni 2-3. Kuona ngati m'dera akhoza wachinsinsi monga mzinda, n'zotheka ntchito muyezo yeniyeni kuwunika. Koma apa, malingaliro ofufuza 'amasiyana: ena amatchula maganizo kuganizira gulu la zinthu, ena akukwana kukhala ndi mmodzi Mbali kuti zodziwika bwino ndi zoimbira. ofunikira Malinga ndi zomwe mzinda akhoza zimachitika agglomeration ndi:

1. kachulukidwe anthu pa 1 mita ^2.
2. chiwerengero (anthu 100 zikwi, malire chapamwamba ndi malire).
3. Liwiro ntchito yomanga ndi kupitiriza ake (zosakwana 20 kuchokera pakati pa mzinda waukulu ndi makina ake).
4. Number sequestered m'madera (nthambi).
5. Mphamvu ya kuyenda zolinga zosiyanasiyana pakati pachimake ndi periphery (ntchito, kuphunzira kapena yopuma, otchedwa zozungulira kusamuka).
6. An zomangamanga Integrated (zofunikira, kutumiza mauthenga).
7. Total mmene kukumana maukonde.
8. Cholowa cha anthu ntchito ntchito sanali ulimi.

Mitundu ya agglomerations m'tawuni

Ngakhale zosiyanasiyana dongosolo mogwirizana ndi zinthu coexistence a mizinda ndiponso makina awo, pali dongosolo wosapita m'mbali kuti adziwe mtundu wa m'deralo. Pali mitundu iwiri chachikulu: monocentric ndi polycentric mumzinda uliwonse. Chiwerengero chachikulu kwambiri cha wogwila kupanga pophatikizana ndi wa gulu loyamba. Monocyclic agglomeration unakhazikitsidwa pa mfundo ya ulamuliro wa mmodzi wa mzinda waukulu. Pali pachimake monga pa kukula mu madera ake a midzi ina ndi amapanga lathu chitukuko kwawo zambiri mu kudalirana ndi kuthekera kwawo. Waukulu m'tawuni agglomeration (ambiri) tinapangidwa ndendende chifukwa Monotype. Chitsanzo ndi Moscow kapena New York. Polycentric mumzinda uliwonse ali yekha, iwo kuphatikiza mmizinda, omwe ndi ngale osiyana ndi zimatenga m'madera ozungulira. Mwachitsanzo, mu Germany ndi Ruhr beseni kwathunthu kumangidwa mabungwe akuluakulu, omwe ali nthambi angapo nthawi imodzi iwo alibe modalirana ndi amaphatikizidwa mu wagawo mmodzi yekha pa maziko malo.

kapangidwe

Yaikulu mbali mzinda wa dziko inakhazikitsidwa m'mizinda, amene mbiri udindo kwa zaka 100 kwa 1000. Izi mbiri yakale, maofesi chilichonse mafakitale, ritelo unyolo, malo chikhalidwe mosavuta kusintha kuposa kulenga atsopano kuchokera zikande. The kuchotserapo yekha mizinda American amene poyamba anakonza ngati agglomeration kwa mitengo zachuma apamwamba kukula.

Choncho, tiyeni kupanga omaliza. Urban agglomeration - ndi kuthetsa zosanjidwa, ndilo (pafupifupi, omveka bwino kulibeko) akhoza kugawidwa mu zigawo zotsatirazi:

1. Center kwa mzinda, mbali zakale zomwe ndi cholowa chikhalidwe cha deralo. kukapezeka ndi pachimake apamwamba masana, pali zambiri yosaloledwa kulowa m'dera zoyendera munthu.
2. Mphete ozungulira chigawo chapakati, malo ochitira bizinesi. Kudera limeneli kuli kwambiri amamanga nyumba ofesi, kuwonjezera, pali dongosolo yaikulu amakampani chakudya (odyera, mipiringidzo, malo omwera), kuchuluka kwa utumiki ndi ndithu ambiri (salons kukongola, gyms ndi maholo masewera, ateliers mafashoni ndi zina. D.). Pali bwino anayamba malonda maukonde, makamaka masitolo mtengo ndi katundu ndekha, pali utsogoleri boma.
3. Malo okhala m'dziko la nyumba yakale. Mu ndondomeko ya agglomeration nthawi zambiri akutembenukira kwa malonda zigawo. Ichi ndi chifukwa cha kukwera mtengo kwa malo nyumba. Chifukwa kufunika zonse izo, kapangidwe zimene sizikugwirizana ndi zipilala za zomangamanga ndi mbiri, anagwetsa kapena modernized paudindo ndi malo ena.
4. Mipikisano storey yomanga chachikulu. Yaitali (kugona) m'madera kupanga sayenera mafakitale. gawo ili ndi zambiri kwambiri chikhalidwe malangizo (masukulu, lalikulu ritelo ogulitsira, zipatala, ndi malaibulale ndi zina zotero. D.).
5. Wakunja kwatawuni madera, m'mapaki, minda, midzi-makina. Malinga ndi kukula kwa mzinda, malowa kusiyana ndi yothetsa.

magawo a chitukuko

Onse malo mzinda wa dziko ndi ndondomeko zikuluzikulu za mapangidwe. Midzi yambiri ndi anaima pa chitukuko (pa siteji), ena ndi kuyamba chabe njira zawo ndi omasuka kwambiri kwa anthu dongosolo azikhalamo. Akhoza kugawidwa njira zotsatirazi:

1. Industrial agglomeration. Kugwirizana pakati pa maziko ndi periphery zochokera pa mfundo kupanga. chuma Labor angamvetsere kuti kampani inayake, palibe malo ambiri weniweni ndi msika dziko.
2. Transformational siteji. Yodziwika ndi kuchuluka mlingo wa kuntchito, motero, kupanga msika ntchito wamba, malo a umene uli mzinda waukulu. agglomeration phata akuyamba mwachangu angalinganize gawo la ntchito ndi zosangalatsa.
3. Mphamvu agglomeration. Mbali imeneyi amapereka wamakono ndi kulanda mphamvu kupanga pa mbali zotumphukira. Mu yomweyi, osauka mmene kukumana dongosolo kuti amalola kuti zambiri mofulumira coalescence wa pakati ndi mizinda Kanema. Pali wamba msika ntchito, malo, zomangamanga ambiri ikumangidwa.
4. Pambuyo mafakitale agglomeration. Chomaliza, amene amakhala ndi mapeto a njira mogwirizana. kulankhulana zosatha (pakati-periphery) amalimbikitsidwa ndi kukodzedwa. Umayamba kusintha udindo wa agglomeration kukopa chuma ndi kukuza ntchito.

Features wa agglomerations Russian

Kwa mlingo wa kukula kwa chuma ndi chitukuko cha ulimi zina zamakono, dziko lathu ayenera kukhala bwino kumatanthauza ndi costed mapulani posachedwapa ndi lakutali. Mbiri yakale, panali vuto limene m'tawuni agglomerations Russia anali chokhazikika pa mtundu mafakitale. Pamene chuma anakonza izo zinali zokwanira, koma pa kusintha amakakamizidwa gawo kusinthika (mapangidwe chuma msika), anali ndi mavuto amayenera kuchotsedwa pasanathe zaka 90. pofuna kukwaniritsa m'madera matauni amafuna alowererepo chapakati boma. N'chifukwa chake nkhaniyi kawirikawiri akambirana akatswiri ndi matupi wapamwamba wa mphamvu ya boma. M'pofunika kumaliza kubwezeretsa, wamakono ndi yosamutsa wa zapansi kupanga, zimene zikuphatikizapo chiyani ndi njira zazikulu agglomeration. Popanda nawo boma monga funder ndi bungwe lolamulira la nthawi imeneyi si zilipo mizinda yambiri. Ubwino chuma agglomerations zikugwira ntchito ndi wakuti, kotero zolimbikitsa kucheza ndondomeko ndi mwachirengedwe zogwirizana mizinda ndi midzi. Large agglomerations m'tauni ya dziko akhoza analengedwa mu Russia posachedwapa. Tili ndi zinthu zonse zofunikira, m'pofunika bwino ntchito yaikulu - utsogoleri.

Yaikulu agglomerations m'tawuni Russia

Ndipotu, tsiku palibe ziwerengero bwino. Malinga ndi muyezo kuwunika agglomerations mu Russia tingaone 22 waukulu zikukwaniritsidwa bwinobwino. Mu dziko lathu chimapambana monocentric mtundu wa mapangidwe. Urban agglomeration Russia nthawi zambiri zili mu gawo mafakitale chitukuko, koma azipeza a anthu ogwira ntchito zokwanira kukula zina. Nambala ndi chipika mapangidwe imakonzedwa mu ndondomeko zotsatirazi (choyamba 10):

1. Moscow.
2. St. Petersburg.
3. Rostov.
4. Samara-Togliatti.
5. Nizhny Novgorod.
6. Novosibirsk.
7. Ekaterinburg.
8. Kazan.
9. Chelyabinsk.
10. Volgograd.

chiwerengero cha agglomerations m'matawuni Russia ikukula chifukwa cha chilengedwe mayanjano watsopano, amene sindiye monga megacities: ndi maphatikizidwe kukuchitika pakubweranso ndalama za index gwero kapena zinthu mafakitale.

agglomeration dziko

mfundo Amazing ndi zithunzi akhoza analandira mwa kuphunzira phunziro. Ena ali ndi agglomeration m'dera lonse ndi anthu ofanana ndi anthu a dziko lonse. Chiwerengero cha nkhani zovuta kudziwa chilichonse Katswiri amagwiritsa yeniyeni (anasankha iwo) makhalidwe gulu kapena mmodzi wa iwo. Koma tikaonetsetsa khumi waukulu yembekezerani ofanana a akatswiri. Choncho:

1. Large agglomerations m'tauni ya dziko - Tokyo, Yokohama. Chiwerengero - anthu miliyoni 37.5 (Japan).
2. Jakarta (Indonesia).
3. Delhi (India).
4. Seoul-Incheon (Korea South).
5. Manila (Philippines).
6. Shanghai China (PRC).
7. Karachi (Pakistan).
8. New York (USA).
9. Mexico (Mexico).
10. Sao Paulo (Brazil).

Mavuto a agglomerations m'tawuni

Ndi zinthu zonse zabwino za chitukuko cha chuma, chikhalidwe, makampani ndi sayansi, pali ndithu zovuta, amene yodziwika ndi megacities. Choyamba, Pamlingo waukulu wa mauthenga komanso mosalekeza kuwonjezeka katundu (kutukuka yogwira) kumayambitsa mavuto mu nyumba ya, motero, amachepetsa mlingo wa chitonthozo kwa nzika zonse. Kachiwiri, mayendedwe ndi mmene kukumana ziwembu si nthawi zonse kupereka mlingo woyenera wa magalimoto liwiro katundu ndi anthu. Chachitatu, mkulu mlingo wa kuipitsidwa wa chilengedwe (mpweya, madzi, nthaka). Lachinayi agglomeration kukopa anthu ambiri a ntchito ya m'matawuni ang'onoang'ono amene si anzawo. Mu wachisanu, zovuta za kasamalidwe loyang'anira madera akuluakulu. Mavuto awa kudziwika kwa aliyense wokhalamo mzinda, ndi kwa amawaitana amafuna yaitali ndi nthawi yambiri ntchito ya nyumba mzinda wonse.